MK4MDD

Full List of Potential Biomarkers of MDD

Total count: 532

Genetic/epigenetic locus   Protein and other molecule   Cell and molecular pathway   Neural system   Cognition and behavior   Symptoms and signs   Environment
SNP Gene Region Epigenetic site Protein Molecule Pathway Cell Neurobiological system Brain morphology and function Cognition and behavior Symptoms Signs Environment

Level Name Type No. of Studies Evidence from Studies
Reference Description Test method
Gene rs2715148 SNP 2
Sullivan, 2009 Of the top 200, 11 signals localized to ...... Of the top 200, 11 signals localized to a 167 kb region overlapping the gene piccolo (PCLO, whose protein product localizes to the cytomatrix of the presynaptic active zone and is important in monoaminergic neurotransmission in the brain) with P-values of 7.7 x 10(-7) for rs2715148 and 1.2 x 10(-6) for rs2522833. More... genotyping
Aragam, 2011 We identified 40 male-specific and 56 fe...... We identified 40 male-specific and 56 female-specific MDD associated SNPs with P-values less than 10(-4). The best male-specific SNP was rs9352774 (P=2.26x10(-6)) within LGSN gene while the best female-specific SNP was rs2715148 (P=5.64x10(-7)) within PCLO gene. More... genotyping
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Gene rs13074924 SNP 1
Lewis, 2010 associated with MDD(P <10 -5) associated with MDD(P <10 -5) genotyping
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Gene rs619002 SNP 1
Shi C, 2012 The conditional test showed disease asso...... The conditional test showed disease association for the rs619002(EHD3)-rs1112714(FREM3) combination (P = 0.0059) and for the rs644926(EHD3)-rs13130123(FREM3) combination (P = 0.007), of which a reduced risk was found for the rs619002(G)-rs1112714(T) combination (OR = 0, P = 4.02 x 10(-6) ) and for the rs644926(A)-rs11938298(G) combination (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.035-0.39, P = 3.85 x 10(-6) ). Quantitative trait analysis revealed that rs13130123 in the FREM3 locus was strongly associated with the insomnia early symptom in patients carrying the rs619002(G) allele (P = 0.001) and those carrying the rs644926(A) allele (P = 0.00077). More... genotyping
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Gene rs2710117 SNP 1
Ji W, 2012 We found that the genotypes of rs1723623...... We found that the genotypes of rs17236239 were significantly associated with schizophrenia (P=0.0026), and the alleles of rs2710102 (P=0.0031) and rs2710117 (P=0.0031) were significantly associated with major depression. More... genotyping
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Gene rs310501 SNP 1
Lewis, 2010 associated with MDD(P <10 -5) associated with MDD(P <10 -5) genotyping
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Gene rs1112714 SNP 1
Shi C, 2012 The conditional test showed disease asso...... The conditional test showed disease association for the rs619002(EHD3)-rs1112714(FREM3) combination (P = 0.0059) and for the rs644926(EHD3)-rs13130123(FREM3) combination (P = 0.007), of which a reduced risk was found for the rs619002(G)-rs1112714(T) combination (OR = 0, P = 4.02 x 10(-6) ) and for the rs644926(A)-rs11938298(G) combination (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.035-0.39, P = 3.85 x 10(-6) ). Quantitative trait analysis revealed that rs13130123 in the FREM3 locus was strongly associated with the insomnia early symptom in patients carrying the rs619002(G) allele (P = 0.001) and those carrying the rs644926(A) allele (P = 0.00077). More... genotyping
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Gene rs9939609 SNP 1
Samaan Z, 2012 A meta-analysis of the four studies show...... A meta-analysis of the four studies showed a significant inverse association between the obesity risk FTO rs9939609 A variant and depression (odds ratio=0.92 (0.89, 0.97), P=3 x 10(-4)) adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity/population structure and body-mass index (BMI) with no significant between-study heterogeneity (I(2)=0%, P=0.63). More... genotyping
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Gene rs4709845 SNP 1
Lewis, 2010 associated with MDD(P <10 -5) associated with MDD(P <10 -5) genotyping
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Gene rs644926 SNP 1
Shi C, 2012 The conditional test showed disease asso...... The conditional test showed disease association for the rs619002(EHD3)-rs1112714(FREM3) combination (P = 0.0059) and for the rs644926(EHD3)-rs13130123(FREM3) combination (P = 0.007), of which a reduced risk was found for the rs619002(G)-rs1112714(T) combination (OR = 0, P = 4.02 x 10(-6) ) and for the rs644926(A)-rs11938298(G) combination (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.035-0.39, P = 3.85 x 10(-6) ). Quantitative trait analysis revealed that rs13130123 in the FREM3 locus was strongly associated with the insomnia early symptom in patients carrying the rs619002(G) allele (P = 0.001) and those carrying the rs644926(A) allele (P = 0.00077). More... genotyping
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Gene rs606149 SNP 1
Lewis, 2010 associated with MDD(P <10 -5) associated with MDD(P <10 -5) genotyping
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Gene rs13130123 SNP 1
Shi C, 2012 The conditional test showed disease asso...... The conditional test showed disease association for the rs619002(EHD3)-rs1112714(FREM3) combination (P = 0.0059) and for the rs644926(EHD3)-rs13130123(FREM3) combination (P = 0.007), of which a reduced risk was found for the rs619002(G)-rs1112714(T) combination (OR = 0, P = 4.02 x 10(-6) ) and for the rs644926(A)-rs11938298(G) combination (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.035-0.39, P = 3.85 x 10(-6) ). Quantitative trait analysis revealed that rs13130123 in the FREM3 locus was strongly associated with the insomnia early symptom in patients carrying the rs619002(G) allele (P = 0.001) and those carrying the rs644926(A) allele (P = 0.00077). More... genotyping
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Gene rs7713917 SNP 1
Rietschel, 2010 rs7713917 showed nominally significant a...... rs7713917 showed nominally significant association in both the genome-wide association study and the replication samples(p(combined) = 1.48E-6). More... genotyping
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Gene rs10447760 SNP 1
Li T, 2012 We found rs10447760 was significantly as...... We found rs10447760 was significantly associated with schizophrenia (allelic P = 0.00069) and major depression (allelic P = 0.0011) More... genotyping
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Gene rs9943849 SNP 1
Rietschel, 2010 rs9943849 showed nominally significant a...... rs9943849 showed nominally significant association in both the genome-wide association study and the replication samples (p(combined) = 3.24E-6). More... genotyping
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Gene rs110402 SNP 1
Ishitobi Y, 2012 The SNP rs110402 and rs242924 in the CRH...... The SNP rs110402 and rs242924 in the CRHR1 gene and the rs3779250 in the CRHR2 gene were associated with MDD More... genotyping
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Gene rs2522833 SNP 1
Sullivan, 2009 Of the top 200, 11 signals localized to ...... Of the top 200, 11 signals localized to a 167 kb region overlapping the gene piccolo (PCLO, whose protein product localizes to the cytomatrix of the presynaptic active zone and is important in monoaminergic neurotransmission in the brain) with P-values of 7.7 x 10(-7) for rs2715148 and 1.2 x 10(-6) for rs2522833. More... genotyping
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Gene rs242924 SNP 1
Ishitobi Y, 2012 The SNP rs110402 and rs242924 in the CRH...... The SNP rs110402 and rs242924 in the CRHR1 gene and the rs3779250 in the CRHR2 gene were associated with MDD More... genotyping
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Gene rs3779250 SNP 1
Ishitobi Y, 2012 The SNP rs110402 and rs242924 in the CRH...... The SNP rs110402 and rs242924 in the CRHR1 gene and the rs3779250 in the CRHR2 gene were associated with MDD More... genotyping
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Gene rs12692709 SNP 1
Aragam, 2011 We also found 38 SNPs showing genexgende...... We also found 38 SNPs showing genexgender interactions in influencing MDD (P<10(-4)). The best SNP was rs12692709 (P=5.75x10(-6)) near FIGN gene at 2q24.3 while the next best SNP was rs11039588 (P=1.16x10(-5)) within OR4B1 gene. More... genotyping
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Gene rs2464805 SNP 1
Yang Z, 2012 Two SNPs (rs2464805 and rs563556) within...... Two SNPs (rs2464805 and rs563556) within the APC gene exhibited a statistically significant association with MDD when analyzed by genotype and allele frequencies More... genotyping
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Gene rs9352774 SNP 1
Aragam, 2011 We identified 40 male-specific and 56 fe...... We identified 40 male-specific and 56 female-specific MDD associated SNPs with P-values less than 10(-4). The best male-specific SNP was rs9352774 (P=2.26x10(-6)) within LGSN gene while the best female-specific SNP was rs2715148 (P=5.64x10(-7)) within PCLO gene. More... genotyping
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Gene rs563556 SNP 1
Yang Z, 2012 Two SNPs (rs2464805 and rs563556) within...... Two SNPs (rs2464805 and rs563556) within the APC gene exhibited a statistically significant association with MDD when analyzed by genotype and allele frequencies More... genotyping
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Gene rs1513105 SNP 1
Shi C, 2012 Of the 16 SNPs selected, rs1513105 was t...... Of the 16 SNPs selected, rs1513105 was the only one showing allelic association (chi2=9.019, p=0.0027) and genotypic association (chi2=8.813, df=2, p=0.012), of which the rs1513105(C) allele was associated with an increased risk of MDD (OR=1.331, 95% CI 1.104-1.604), but the rs1513105 association resulted mainly from female subjects (chi2=12.35, p=0.00044 for allelic association; chi2=11.26, df=2, p=0.0036 for genotypic association). More... genotyping
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Gene rs2710102 SNP 1
Ji W, 2012 We found that the genotypes of rs1723623...... We found that the genotypes of rs17236239 were significantly associated with schizophrenia (P=0.0026), and the alleles of rs2710102 (P=0.0031) and rs2710117 (P=0.0031) were significantly associated with major depression. More... genotyping
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Gene SLC6A4 gene 4
Garriock, 2006 A statistically significant difference i...... A statistically significant difference in genotype frequency for the SLC6A4 intron 2 VNTR was detected between the subjects with a history of depression and controls (p = 0.004). More... genotyping
Sarosi, 2011 We found a significantly higher frequenc...... We found a significantly higher frequency of the STin2 10/10 genotype in the MDD patient group compared to controls. More... genotyping; neuropsychological test
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Gene CREB1 gene 2
Liu, 2010 There was strong positive association be...... There was strong positive association between the rs10932201-rs6740584 haplotype of the CREB1 and MDD (P=0.00003241), and both haplotypes of A-C and A-T were significantly associated with MDD (P=0.020 and P=0.00022) More... genotyping; transmission disequilibrium test (TDT)
Zubenko, 2003 The highest maximum LOD score observed, ...... The highest maximum LOD score observed, 8.19 (genome-wide adjusted P << 0.0001), occurred for Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder (R-MDD) at D2S2321 (205 cM), located 121 kb proximal to CREB1 More... linkage analysis
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Gene SLC18A2 gene 1
Christiansen, 2007 A specific haplotype in VMAT2, the gene ...... A specific haplotype in VMAT2, the gene encoding the vesicular monoamine transporter, was significantly associated with depression symptoms in men (p= .007). More... genotyping
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Gene PLSCR1 gene 1
Spijker, 2010 Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expre...... Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expression using whole-genome microarrays, this gene serves as a molecular signature of MDD More... microarray
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Gene CRHR1 gene 1
Hsu, 2012 Among GG-homozygotes, BOLD signal in the...... Among GG-homozygotes, BOLD signal in the subgenual cingulate was greater in MDD participants (n = 9) compared with controls (n = 33). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); genotyping
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Gene BDNF gene 1
Lau, 2010 Significant effects of diagnosis and dia...... Significant effects of diagnosis and diagnosis-by-genotype interactions (F's>4, p's<0.05) characterized activations in amygdala and anterior hippocampal regions. Greater activations in patients than healthy adolescents were found. Critically, these hyperactivations were modulated by BDNF genotype: Met-carriers showed greater neural responses of emotional faces than Val/Val homozygotes in patients only. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); genotyping
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Gene PROK2 gene 1
Spijker, 2010 Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expre...... Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expression using whole-genome microarrays, this gene serves as a molecular signature of MDD More... microarray
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Gene SYNE1 gene 1
Green EK, 2012 We have also examined the polymorphism i...... We have also examined the polymorphism in our recurrent unipolar depression cases (n=1159) and control (n=2592) sample, and found that the risk allele was associated with risk for recurrent major depression (P=0.032, OR=1.118) More... genotyping
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Gene FGFR3 gene 1
Bernard, 2010 The expression of this gene was altered ...... The expression of this gene was altered in the locus coeruleus of MDD More... laser-capture microdissection (LCM); microarray; Q-PCR
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Gene ZBTB16 gene 1
Spijker, 2010 Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expre...... Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expression using whole-genome microarrays, this gene serves as a molecular signature of MDD More... microarray
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Gene CYP2C9 gene 1
A, 2003 The CYP2C9*3 allele frequency was higher...... The CYP2C9*3 allele frequency was higher (P<0.01) among the patients suffering from major depression than in a population of 89 schizophrenic patients (odds ratio=3.3) and 138 healthy volunteers (odds ratio=2.8). More... genotyping
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Gene GLUL gene 1
Bernard, 2010 The expression of this gene was altered ...... The expression of this gene was altered in the locus coeruleus of MDD More... laser-capture microdissection (LCM); microarray; Q-PCR
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Gene MAPK1 gene 1
Duric, 2010 Whole-genome expression profiling of pos...... Whole-genome expression profiling of postmortem tissue shows significantly increased expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1, encoded by DUSP1, but hereafter called MKP-1) in the hippocampal subfields of subjects with MDD compared to matched controls. More... whole-genome expression profiling; transgenic method; sucrose preference test; active avoidance test; novelty suppressed feeding test; sucrose consumption test; elevated plus maze; open field test; forced swimming test
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Gene SLC1A2 gene 1
Bernard, 2010 The expression of this gene was altered ...... The expression of this gene was altered in the locus coeruleus of MDD More... laser-capture microdissection (LCM); microarray; Q-PCR
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Gene RORC gene 1
Chen, 2010 A higher level of RORgammat (retinoic ac...... A higher level of RORgammat (retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-gammat, the specific transcription factor of Th17 cell) mRNA expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes was found in patient. More... immunocytochemical analysis; flow cytometric analysis; RT-PCR; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
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Gene CCBL2 gene 1
Claes, 2011 The frequencies of SNP haplotype CGCTCT ...... The frequencies of SNP haplotype CGCTCT of KAT III gene in patients with major depression showed significantly higher than the control population (p<0.001) More... genotyping
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Gene SLC1A3 gene 1
Bernard, 2010 The expression of this gene was altered ...... The expression of this gene was altered in the locus coeruleus of MDD More... laser-capture microdissection (LCM); microarray; Q-PCR
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Gene EMP1 gene 1
Nakataki, 2011 The level of expression of the EMP1 mRNA...... The level of expression of the EMP1 mRNA was significantly lower in medication-free patients compared with control subjects (P<0.001). More... Q-PCR
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Gene NTRK2 gene 1
Bernard, 2010 The expression of this gene was altered ...... The expression of this gene was altered in the locus coeruleus of MDD More... laser-capture microdissection (LCM); microarray; Q-PCR
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Gene SST gene 1
Sibille, 2011 MDD subjects demonstrated reduced SST mR...... MDD subjects demonstrated reduced SST mRNA expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. More... Q-PCR
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Gene LOC647167 gene 1
Lewis, 2010 associated with MDD(P <10 -5) associated with MDD(P <10 -5) genotyping
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Gene CAPRIN1 gene 1
Spijker, 2010 Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expre...... Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expression using whole-genome microarrays, this gene serves as a molecular signature of MDD More... microarray
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Gene CSF2RB gene 1
Chen, 2011 Haplotype association analysis revealed ...... Haplotype association analysis revealed one protective haplotype in CSF2RB (P value = 0.0004 for MDD) and one risk haplotype in CSF2RB (P value = 0.001 for MDD) More... genotyping
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Gene LOC728275 gene 1
Lewis, 2010 associated with MDD(P <10 -5) associated with MDD(P <10 -5) genotyping
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Gene CLEC4A gene 1
Spijker, 2010 Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expre...... Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expression using whole-genome microarrays, this gene serves as a molecular signature of MDD More... microarray
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Gene HTR1A gene 1
Lopez-Figueroa, 2004 In the DLPFC(dorsolateral prefrontal cor...... In the DLPFC(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), there is a significant decrease in 5-HT(1A) mRNA of subjects with MDD More... in situ hybridization
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Gene NLGN1 gene 1
Lewis, 2010 associated with MDD(P <10 -5) associated with MDD(P <10 -5) genotyping
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Gene KRT23 gene 1
Spijker, 2010 Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expre...... Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expression using whole-genome microarrays, this gene serves as a molecular signature of MDD More... microarray
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Gene PCLO gene 1
Sullivan, 2009 Of the top 200, 11 signals localized to ...... Of the top 200, 11 signals localized to a 167 kb region overlapping the gene piccolo (PCLO, whose protein product localizes to the cytomatrix of the presynaptic active zone and is important in monoaminergic neurotransmission in the brain) with P-values of 7.7 x 10(-7) for rs2715148 and 1.2 x 10(-6) for rs2522833. More... genotyping
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Gene VCAN gene 1
Lewis, 2010 associated with MDD(P <10 -5) associated with MDD(P <10 -5) genotyping
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Gene MLC1 gene 1
Spijker, 2010 Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expre...... Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expression using whole-genome microarrays, this gene serves as a molecular signature of MDD More... microarray
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Gene NPY gene 1
Mickey, 2011 Low-expression NPY genotypes were overre...... Low-expression NPY genotypes were overrepresented in subjects with MDD after controlling for age and sex (P = .004). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); genotyping
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Molecule Pro-opiomelanocortin protein 9
Kennedy, 2006 Comparisons between patients with MDD an...... Comparisons between patients with MDD and controls showed significantly lower neutral-state mu-opioid receptor BP in patients with MDD in the posterior thalamus, correlating with corticotropin and cortisol plasma levels. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Appelhof, 2006 Posttreatment maximal adrenocorticotropi...... Posttreatment maximal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and maximal cortisol levels, as well as delta ACTH and delta cortisol levels, were significantly higher (all p < .05) among patients who relapsed (n = 22) compared with patients in whom no relapse occurred (n = 23). More... blood analysis
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Molecule Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter protein 8
Staley, 2006 Diencephalon 5-HT transporter availabili...... Diencephalon 5-HT transporter availability is decreased in depressed patients. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Selvaraj, 2011 The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT...... The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT binding in several brain regions including brain stem, thalamus, caudate, putamen, anterior cingulate cortex and frontal cortex. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A protein 7
Meltzer, 2004 We used [11C]WAY 100635 and positron emi...... We used [11C]WAY 100635 and positron emission tomography (PET) to test our hypothesis that 5-HT(1A) receptor binding, We observed significantly diminished [11C]WAY 100635 binding in the DRN (dorsal raphe nucleus) in depressed (BP = 2.31+/-0.90) relative to control (BP = 3.69+/-1.56) subjects (p = 0.0016). More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Drevets, 1999 The mean 5HT1A receptor BP was reduced 4...... The mean 5HT1A receptor BP was reduced 41.5% in the raphe (p < .02) and 26.8% in the mesiotemporal cortex (p < .025) in the depressives relative to the controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Molecule Interleukin-6 protein 6
Kim, 2008 Non-suicidal MDD patients had significan...... Non-suicidal MDD patients had significantly higher IL-6 production than suicidal MDD patients and normal controls (p<0.001). More... immunocytochemical analysis
Motivala, 2005 As compared with matched controls, depre...... As compared with matched controls, depressed patients showed significant (p <.05) nocturnal elevations of circulating levels of IL-6 and sICAM. More... electroencephalogram (EEG); blood analysis
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Molecule D(2) dopamine receptor protein 5
D'Haenen H, 1994 The basal ganglia/cerebellum 123I-iodobe...... The basal ganglia/cerebellum 123I-iodobenzamide (a high-affinity ligand for D2 receptors) uptake ratio was higher in depressed patients than controls. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); psychometric method
Montgomery, 2007 [(11)C]raclopride binding was reduced in...... [(11)C]raclopride binding was reduced in the dorsal striatum of people taking antidepressants suggesting that D(2/3) expression was reduced compared to untreated controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Molecule Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter protein 5
Yang, 2008 DAT binding in the patient group were si...... DAT binding in the patient group were significantly higher than in control group. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Meyer, 2001 Low striatal dopamine transporter bindin...... Low striatal dopamine transporter binding potential (DAT BP) in major depressive episodes is consistent with a downregulation of DAT (dopamine transporter) . More... positron emission tomography (PET); neuropsychological test
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Molecule Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein 4
Shi, 2010 Baseline plasma BDNF and tPA levels were...... Baseline plasma BDNF and tPA levels were significantly lower in LGD(late-onset geriatric depression) patients compared to controls (P = 0.037 and P = 0.000, respectively). There was a heightening tendency of plasma BDNF level after treatment. More... blood analysis
Lee, 2007 Plasma BDNF levels were significantly lo...... Plasma BDNF levels were significantly lower in MDD patients than in normal control subjects (p<0.001). More... protein analysis; cognitive test
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Molecule Interferon gamma protein 4
Kim, 2007 At admission IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4 w...... At admission IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4 were significantly lower in MDD patients. More... immunocytochemical analysis
Gabbay, 2009 IFN-gamma was increased in both suicidal...... IFN-gamma was increased in both suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents with MDD compared to controls (2.14 +/- 6.22 and 4.20 +/- 14.48 versus 0.37 +/- 0.64; p < 0.02, p = 0.005). More... immunocytochemical analysis
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Molecule Interleukin-4 protein 3
Kim, 2008 Both MDD groups, with or without attempt...... Both MDD groups, with or without attempted suicide, had significantly lower IFN-gamma and IL-4 and higher TGF-beta1 production. More... immunocytochemical analysis
Kim, 2007 At admission, IL-6, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1...... At admission, IL-6, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1 production, and IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio were significantly higher and IL-4 were significantly lower in MDD patients. More... immunocytochemical analysis
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Molecule Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A protein 3
Zhang, 2010 quantity of MAOA messenger RNA was signi...... quantity of MAOA messenger RNA was significantly higher in patients with MDD than in control subjects (fold change = 5.28, p = 1.7 ¡Á 10-7) More... genotyping; Q-PCR
Meyer, 2006 The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution vol...... The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly significantly elevated in every brain region assessed (t test; P=.001 to 3x10(-7)). The MAO-A DVS was elevated on average by 34% (2 SDs) throughout the brain during major depression. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Molecule Transforming growth factor beta-1 protein 3
Kim, 2008 Both MDD groups, with or without attempt...... Both MDD groups, with or without attempted suicide, had significantly lower IFN-gamma and IL-4 and higher TGF-beta1 production. More... immunocytochemical analysis
Musil, 2011 Depressed patients showed significantly ...... Depressed patients showed significantly elevated MIF (p < 0.001) and reduced TGF-beta (p = 0.006) concentrations at baseline. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Thyrotropin subunit beta protein 3
Duval, 2006 Compared with controls, patients showed ...... Compared with controls, patients showed lower responses to TRH: 2300 h maximum increment in serum thyrotropin (TSH) level (p=0.006) and the difference between 2300 and 0800 h maximum increment in serum TSH values (p=0.0001). More... dose administration; blood analysis
Sarandol, 2003 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) respon...... Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) responses to TRH(Thyroid Releasing Hormone test), maximal TSH responses, change in maximal TSH level were significantly lower in the patient group compared with the controls. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Amyloid beta A4 protein protein 3
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
Kita, 2009 Abeta40/42 ratio was significantly highe...... Abeta40/42 ratio was significantly higher in both young (P < 0.001) and elderly (P < 0.001) patients with MDD compared to controls. More... Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
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Molecule D(3) dopamine receptor protein 3
Shah, 1997 Right striatal 123I-IBZM (dopamine D2/3 ...... Right striatal 123I-IBZM (dopamine D2/3 ligand) uptake ratios were significantly higher in depressed patients than controls. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); psychometric method
Montgomery, 2007 [(11)C]raclopride binding was reduced in...... [(11)C]raclopride binding was reduced in the dorsal striatum of people taking antidepressants suggesting that D(2/3) expression was reduced compared to untreated controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A protein 3
Yatham, 1999 Depressed patients showed a significant ...... Depressed patients showed a significant decrease in 5-HT2 receptor binding as measured by setoperone binding in frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortical regions following desipramine treatment. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Sheline, 2004 Depressed subjects had less hippocampal ...... Depressed subjects had less hippocampal 5-HT(2A) receptor binding than controls (p = 0.05). More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Molecule Tumor necrosis factor protein 3
Leo, 2006 Compared with control subjects, MDD pati...... Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had higher baseline levels of TNFalpha More... protein analysis
Piletz, 2010 Compared to controls, patients with MDD ...... Compared to controls, patients with MDD had significantly higher baseline levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha, P=0.04) in the blood. More... protein analysis
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Molecule Cystatin-C protein 2
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Leptin protein 2
Westling, 2004 women in the MDD group had lower CSF(cer...... women in the MDD group had lower CSF(cerebrospinal fluid) leptin than those in the non-MDD group (P < 0.01). More... cerebrospinal fluid analysis
Cizza, 2010 mean nocturnal leptin concentration was ...... mean nocturnal leptin concentration was higher in the MDD versus control groups More... blood analysis
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Molecule Interleukin-1 beta protein 2
Leo, 2006 Compared with control subjects, MDD pati...... Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had higher baseline levels of IL1-¦Â More... protein analysis
Piletz, 2010 Compared to controls, patients with MDD ...... Compared to controls, patients with MDD had significantly higher baseline levels of interleukin-1beta (IL1beta, P=0.03) in the blood. More... protein analysis
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Molecule C-reactive protein protein 2
Surtees, 2008 Past-year MDD was associated with increa...... Past-year MDD was associated with increased CRP concentration levels (4.31 mg/L for participants who reported episodes of MDD in the past year versus 3.65 mg/L for those who did not; p = .003) More... protein analysis
Su, 2009 An association was observed between seve...... An association was observed between severity of current depressive symptoms and increased levels of inflammatory markers (p < .001 for IL-6 and p = .005 for CRP). More... protein analysis
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Molecule Prolactin protein 2
Koenigsberg, 2004 The depressed patients had phase advance...... The depressed patients had phase advanced circadian rhythms for cortisol, norepinephrine and MHPG, phase advanced hemicircadian rhythms for cortisol and prolactin, and a phase advanced ultradian rhythm for prolactin compared to healthy control subjects. More... blood analysis
Kiive, 2004 prolactin levels increased only in the d...... prolactin levels increased only in the depressed patients group during the exercise More... blood analysis
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Molecule Prothrombin protein 2
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
Leo, 2006 Compared with control subjects, MDD pati...... Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had higher baseline levels of F1+2 More... protein analysis
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Molecule Interleukin-7 protein 2
Lehto, 2010 The MDD subjects had lowered serum level...... The MDD subjects had lowered serum levels of IL-7 More... blood analysis; protein analysis
Lehto, 2010 The MDD subjects had lowered levels of I...... The MDD subjects had lowered levels of IL-7. More... blood analysis; protein analysis
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Molecule Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 protein 2
Motivala, 2005 As compared with matched controls, depre...... As compared with matched controls, depressed patients showed significant (p <.05) nocturnal elevations of circulating levels of IL-6 and sICAM. More... electroencephalogram (EEG); blood analysis
Miguel-Hidalgo, 2011 Vascular and extravascular fractions of ...... Vascular and extravascular fractions of ICAM-1 immunoreactivity were lower in subjects with MDD than in non-psychiatric comparison subjects. More... postmortem study
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Molecule D(1A) dopamine receptor protein 2
Cannon, 2009 The mean D(1) receptor BP(ND) was reduce...... The mean D(1) receptor BP(ND) was reduced (14%) in the left middle caudate of the MDD group relative to control group. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Dougherty, 2006 [(11)C]SCH 23,390 binding in bilateral s...... [(11)C]SCH 23,390 binding in bilateral striata was significantly lower in the MDD+A group when compared to healthy volunteers. These results implicate striatal D1 receptor dysfunction in MDD+A and further suggest an association between dopaminergic transmission and anger or aggression. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Molecule Apolipoprotein E protein 2
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Single-stranded DNA-binding protein, mitochondrial protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor protein 1
Ordway, 2003 The specific binding of p-[125I]iodoclon...... The specific binding of p-[125I]iodoclonidine to alpha2-adrenoceptors was significantly elevated throughout the LC (locus coeruleus) from MD (major depression) compared with matched control subjects. More... postmortem study
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Molecule Disks large homolog 4 protein 1
Feyissa, 2009 The results revealed that there was a re...... The results revealed that there was a reduced expression of the NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor subunits NR2A (-54%) and NR2B (-48%), and PSD-95 protein level (-40%) in the PFC of depressed subjects relative to controls More... postmortem study; immunoblotting
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Molecule Hemopexin protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Mu-type opioid receptor protein 1
Kennedy, 2006 The sustained sadness condition was asso...... The sustained sadness condition was associated with a statistically significant decrease in mu-opioid receptor BP in the left inferior temporal cortex of patients with MDD. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Molecule Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 protein 1
Miguel-Hidalgo, 2010 EAAT1 levels were lower in MDA(comorbid ...... EAAT1 levels were lower in MDA(comorbid alcoholism plus MDD) and MDD subjects as compared to controls. More... postmortem study; immunoblotting; immunocytochemical analysis
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Molecule CD44 antigen protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Fatty acid-binding protein, brain protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Macrophage migration inhibitory factor protein 1
Musil, 2011 Depressed patients showed significantly ...... Depressed patients showed significantly elevated MIF (p < 0.001) and reduced TGF-beta (p = 0.006) concentrations at baseline. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Peroxisomal targeting signal 1 receptor protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoC protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Corticoliberin protein 1
Austin, 2003 The level of CRH-IR was increased by 30%...... The level of CRH-IR was increased by 30% in the locus coeruleus, 39% in the median raphe and 45% in the caudal dorsal raphe in the depressed suicide subjects compared to controls. More... postmortem study
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Molecule C-C motif chemokine 2 protein 1
Piletz, 2010 Compared to controls, patients with MDD ...... Compared to controls, patients with MDD had significantly higher baseline levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1; P=0.02) in the blood. More... protein analysis
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Molecule Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 protein 1
Miguel-Hidalgo, 2010 EAAT2 immunoreactivity was significantly...... EAAT2 immunoreactivity was significantly lower in MDD and MDA(comorbid alcoholism plus MDD) subjects than in controls. More... postmortem study; immunoblotting; immunocytochemical analysis
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Molecule Clusterin protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 6 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Plasma protease C1 inhibitor protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 protein 1
Feyissa, 2010 There was a robust (+67%) increase in th...... There was a robust (+67%) increase in the expression of the mGlu2 protein in the PFC of depressed subjects relative to healthy controls. More... postmortem study; immunoblotting
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Molecule Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Cytochrome c protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Glial fibrillary acidic protein protein 1
Miguel-Hidalgo, 2010 Area fraction of GFAP was lower in MDD, ...... Area fraction of GFAP was lower in MDD, but not in MDA subjects as compared to controls or alcoholics. More... postmortem study; immunoblotting; immunocytochemical analysis
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Molecule Collagen alpha-1(VI) chain protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Vitamin D-binding protein protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Profilin-1 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 protein 1
Feyissa, 2010 There was a robust (+67%) increase in th...... There was a robust (+67%) increase in the expression of the mGlu3 protein in the PFC of depressed subjects relative to healthy controls. More... postmortem study; immunoblotting
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Molecule cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Coagulation factor VII protein 1
Leo, 2006 Compared with control subjects, MDD pati...... Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had higher baseline levels of FVIIa More... protein analysis
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Molecule Glutamine synthetase protein 1
Miguel-Hidalgo, 2010 GS levels in MDA(comorbid alcoholism plu...... GS levels in MDA(comorbid alcoholism plus MDD) were significantly lower than in alcoholics and controls, and lower in MDD subjects than in alcoholics More... postmortem study; immunoblotting; immunocytochemical analysis
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Molecule Complement C3 protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Ribonuclease UK114 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Serum albumin protein 1
Gudmundsson, 2007 Compared to women without depression, wo...... Compared to women without depression, women with MDD had higher levels of Abeta42 and the CSF/serum albumin ratio. More... cerebrospinal fluid analysis; blood analysis
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Molecule Transthyretin protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Secretogranin-1 protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Profilin-2 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial protein 1
Chrapko, 2004 The levels of both plasma Nox(NO metabol...... The levels of both plasma Nox(NO metabolite) and platelet eNOS(endothelial NO synthase) activity were significantly lower in subjects with major depression compared with healthy control subjects. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Neurofilament light polypeptide protein 1
Gudmundsson, 2010 Women had MDD have higher levels of NFL ...... Women had MDD have higher levels of NFL compared with women without depression More... cerebrospinal fluid analysis; blood analysis
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Molecule Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule CD40 ligand protein 1
Leo, 2006 Compared with control subjects, MDD pati...... Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had higher baseline levels of soluble CD40L More... protein analysis
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Molecule Tissue-type plasminogen activator protein 1
Shi, 2010 Baseline plasma BDNF and tPA levels were...... Baseline plasma BDNF and tPA levels were significantly lower in LGD(late-onset geriatric depression) patients compared to controls (P = 0.037 and P = 0.000, respectively). More... blood analysis
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Molecule Epididymal secretory protein E1 protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Myeloperoxidase protein 1
Vaccarino, 2008 Twins with a history of MDD had 32% high...... Twins with a history of MDD had 32% higher levels of MPO (p < .0001); twins with MDD had 77% higher MPO than their brothers without MDD, after adjusting for other factors (p < .0001) More... blood analysis
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Molecule Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Putative tubulin-like protein alpha-4B protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Histamine H1 receptor protein 1
Kano, 2004 Binding (histamine H1 receptor (H(1)R) b...... Binding (histamine H1 receptor (H(1)R) binding) potential values for [(11)C]-doxepin binding in the frontal and prefrontal cortices, and cingulate gyrus were significantly lower in the depressed patients than those in the normal control subjects. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Molecule Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha protein 1
Eller, 2009 The results showed that the level of sIL...... The results showed that the level of sIL-2R (soluble interleukin-2 receptor) was significantly lower in depressed patients in remission phase compared to the healthy controls and subjects with recurrent depression. Drug-nalve patients with major depressive disorder with recurrent episode had higher levels of sIL-2R than previously treated or patients with the first episode. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Alpha-2-macroglobulin protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Natriuretic peptides A protein 1
Wisen, 2011 The MDD group showed significantly lower...... The MDD group showed significantly lower levels of ANP than the controls at rest, at maximal work rate and post exercise. The dynamic changes of ANP, respectively, from baseline to maximal work rate were significantly lower in the MDD group. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Gelsolin protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Amphiphysin protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Cystatin-B protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Alpha-1B-glycoprotein protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Vitronectin protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor protein 1
Hung, 2010 The serum TrkB protein level was signifi...... The serum TrkB protein level was significantly higher in depressive patients than in healthy controls (F((1,107))=4.043, p=0.047) More... Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
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Molecule Angiotensinogen protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Natriuretic peptides B protein 1
Wisen, 2011 The MDD group showed significantly lower...... The MDD group showed significantly lower levels of BNP at rest and at maximal work rate. The dynamic changes of BNP, respectively, from baseline to maximal work rate were significantly lower in the MDD group. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Beta-Ala-His dipeptidase protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Alpha-synuclein protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Interleukin-10 protein 1
Hernandez, 2008 Before treatment we found high levels of...... Before treatment we found high levels of cortisol, IL-4, IL-13 (Th2) and IL-10 in MDD patients when compared with healthy volunteers. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Interleukin-5 protein 1
Elomaa AP, 2012 In our basic multivariate model controll...... In our basic multivariate model controlling for the effects of potential confounders on the associations between MDD and the examined cytokines, each 1-unit increase in the serum IL-5 level increased the likelihood of belonging to the MDD group by 76% (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.03-2.99, p = 0.04; model covariates: age, gender, marital status, daily smoking and alcohol use). More... blood analysis
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Molecule Apolipoprotein A-I protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Putative cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske-like protein 1 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule P-selectin protein 1
Leo, 2006 Compared with control subjects, MDD pati...... Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had higher baseline levels of soluble P-selectin More... protein analysis
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Molecule Interleukin-17A protein 1
Chen, 2010 A higher level of serum concentration of...... A higher level of serum concentration of IL-17 was found in patient. More... immunocytochemical analysis; flow cytometric analysis; RT-PCR; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
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Molecule Histidine-rich glycoprotein protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 3 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Gamma-synuclein protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Interleukin-13 protein 1
Hernandez, 2008 Before treatment we found high levels of...... Before treatment we found high levels of cortisol, IL-4, IL-13 (Th2) and IL-10 in MDD patients when compared with healthy volunteers. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Pigment epithelium-derived factor protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 13 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B protein 1
Murrough, 2011 Within the ventral striatum/ventral pall...... Within the ventral striatum/ventral pallidum region of interest, 5-HT(1B) receptor radioligand [(11)C]P943 BP (ND) was significantly reduced in the MDD group compared with the healthy control group (1.37 +/- 0.13 and 1.68 +/- 0.16, respectively; 18.7% between-group difference; p < 0.001). More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Molecule Apolipoprotein A-II protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule ATP synthase subunit e, mitochondrial protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Transcription factor PU.1 protein 1
Weigelt, 2011 In MDD patients, PU.1 gene expression wa...... In MDD patients, PU.1 gene expression was increased with a tendency for TREM-1 gene over expression. More... Q-PCR; Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)
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Molecule Homeobox protein Hox-D12 protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP2 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Histone H4 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A protein 1
Feyissa, 2009 The results revealed that there was a re...... The results revealed that there was a reduced expression of the NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor subunits NR2A (-54%) and NR2B (-48%), and PSD-95 protein level (-40%) in the PFC of depressed subjects relative to controls More... postmortem study; immunoblotting
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Molecule Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Acylphosphatase-2 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Adiponectin protein 1
Cizza, 2010 Women with MDD had approximately 30% low...... Women with MDD had approximately 30% lower mean 24-hour concentration of adiponectin than did control subjects. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Apolipoprotein D protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule ATP synthase subunit g, mitochondrial protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 protein 1
Deschwanden, 2011 The PET study revealed lower levels of r...... The PET study revealed lower levels of regional mGluR5 binding in the prefrontal cortex, the cingulate cortex, the insula, the thalamus, and the hippocampus in the depression group relative to the comparison group. More... positron emission tomography (PET); immunoblotting
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Molecule Neurofilament heavy polypeptide protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Neuromodulin protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule DNA-binding protein SATB2 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Synaptic vesicular amine transporter protein 1
Zucker, 2002 A significant elevation in the VMAT2 den...... A significant elevation in the VMAT2 density (B(max)) was observed in the platelets of untreated MDD patients (+24%) compared to healthy control subjects. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B protein 1
Feyissa, 2009 The results revealed that there was a re...... The results revealed that there was a reduced expression of the NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor subunits NR2A (-54%) and NR2B (-48%), and PSD-95 protein level (-40%) in the PFC of depressed subjects relative to controls More... postmortem study; immunoblotting
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Molecule Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Somatotropin protein 1
Duval, 2006 Compared with controls, patients showed ...... Compared with controls, patients showed lower growth hormone response to clonidine (p=0.001) More... dose administration; blood analysis
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Molecule Oxytocin-neurophysin 1 protein 1
Parker, 2010 Results indicated that depressed subject...... Results indicated that depressed subjects exhibit increased OT (oxytocin) levels compared to healthy control subjects, and this difference is most apparent during the nocturnal peak. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Beta-2-microglobulin protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Fatty acid-binding protein, heart protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Interleukin-2 protein 1
Kim, 2007 At admission IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4 w...... At admission IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4 were significantly lower in MDD patients. More... immunocytochemical analysis
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Molecule Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protein 1
Xiaoquan, 2011 The plasma GDNF levels in late-onset dep...... The plasma GDNF levels in late-onset depression(LOD) patients were significantly increased compared to control subjects (P<0.05). More... neuropsychological test; psychometric method; blood analysis
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Molecule Neuronal cell adhesion molecule protein 1
Ditzen C, 2012 Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid...... Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients More... two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
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Molecule Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 protein 1
Martins-de-Souza D, 2012 Differentially expressed proteins in all...... Differentially expressed proteins in all post mortem brains from MDD patients compared with controls More... gel electrophoresis; shotgun data-independent label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Western blot ; selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
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Molecule Hydrocortisone molecule 27
Hernandez, 2008 Before treatment we found high levels of...... Before treatment we found high levels of cortisol, IL-4, IL-13 (Th2) and IL-10 in MDD patients when compared with healthy volunteers. More... blood analysis
Sarandol, 2003 All cortisol responses were found to be ...... All cortisol responses were found to be significantly higher in the patient group during depression period compared to the control group except at 16:00 before dexamethasone. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Glutamates molecule 12
Rosenberg, 2005 Reduced anterior cingulate glutamate was...... Reduced anterior cingulate glutamate was observed in MDD patients versus control subjects (8.79 +/- 1.68 vs. 11.46 +/- 1.55, respectively, p = .0002; 23% decrease). More... spectrophotometric analysis
Sanacora, 2004 mean glutamate levels were significantly...... mean glutamate levels were significantly increased in depressed subjects compared with healthy controls (P<.001). More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Molecule Creatine molecule 8
Kusumakar, 2001 Subjects with depression demonstrated lo...... Subjects with depression demonstrated lower left amygdala Cho-Cr ratios, compared with control subjects (paired t = 2.624, df 10, P = 0.025). More... spectrophotometric analysis
Horn, 2010 Creatine in the pgACC were lowest in sev...... Creatine in the pgACC were lowest in severely depressed patients. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); spectrophotometric analysis; psychometric method
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Molecule Glutamine molecule 7
Bhagwagar, 2007 Occipital levels of GABA and NAA were si...... Occipital levels of GABA and NAA were significantly lower in recovered depressed and bipolar subjects than in healthy controls, whereas Glu +Gln concentrations were higher. More... spectrophotometric analysis
Horn, 2010 the sum of Glutamine (Glx) in the pgACC ...... the sum of Glutamine (Glx) in the pgACC predicted the resting-state functional connectivity between the two regions exclusively in depressed patients. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); spectrophotometric analysis; psychometric method
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Molecule N-acetylaspartate molecule 7
Vythilingam, 2003 Compared with control subjects, MDD pati...... Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had a significantly lower mean NAA/Cr amplitude in the caudate and a significantly higher mean Cho/Cr amplitude in the putamen, particularly on the right side. More... spectrophotometric analysis
Jarnum, 2011 significantly reduced N-acetylaspartate ...... significantly reduced N-acetylaspartate levels in MDD patients compared with healthy controls at baseline. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Molecule gamma-Aminobutyric Acid molecule 7
Sanacora, 2004 Depressed subjects had significantly low...... Depressed subjects had significantly lower occipital cortex GABA concentrations compared with healthy controls (P =.01). More... spectrophotometric analysis
Gabbay, 2012 Compared with control subjects, adolesce...... Compared with control subjects, adolescents with MDD had significantly decreased ACC GABA/w (t = 3.2; P < .003). More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Molecule Inositol molecule 7
Taylor, 2009 myo-inositol concentrations were signifi...... myo-inositol concentrations were significantly higher in those with a history of depression than in controls. More... spectrophotometric analysis
Kumar, 2002 myo-Inositol/creatine and choline/creati...... myo-Inositol/creatine and choline/creatine ratios were significantly higher in the frontal white matter in the major depression group than in the comparison group. More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Molecule Choline molecule 6
Kumar, 2002 myo-Inositol/creatine and choline/creati...... myo-Inositol/creatine and choline/creatine ratios were significantly higher in the frontal white matter in the major depression group than in the comparison group. More... spectrophotometric analysis
Vythilingam, 2003 Compared with control subjects, MDD pati...... Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had a significantly lower mean NAA/Cr amplitude in the caudate and a significantly higher mean Cho/Cr amplitude in the putamen, particularly on the right side. More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Molecule Nitric oxide molecule 5
Lee, 2006 Among the patients with a diagnosis of m...... Among the patients with a diagnosis of major depression, suicidal depressive patients had significantly higher plasma nitric oxide metabolites NO(x) levels than non-suicidal depressive patients (t=-3.090, d.f.=84, p=0.003). More... blood analysis
Arslan, 2008 MD (major depression) group had signific...... MD (major depression) group had significantly lower plasma NO levels compared to healthy women (12.7 +/- 1.4 vs. 21.82 +/- 3.5 microM, respectively, p < 0.05). More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Molecule Serotonin molecule 4
Ljubicic, 2007 The significant increase in platelet 5-H...... The significant increase in platelet 5-HT values were found in female (p=0.01) and male (p=0.029) depressed patients during long compared to short period. More... blood analysis
Hou, 2006 significantly lower CSF(cerebrospinal fl...... significantly lower CSF(cerebrospinal fluid) NPY was found in first episode depressed patients compared with recurrent depressed patients More... cerebrospinal fluid analysis
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Molecule Dopamine molecule 3
Brody, 2009 Dopamine release (measured indirectly as...... Dopamine release (measured indirectly as change in (11)C-raclopride binding potential [BP(ND)]). The MDD+ group had a significantly greater reduction in (11)C-raclopride BP(ND) (-16.3%) than the MDD- group (-8.4%) (analysis of covariance [ANCOVA], p = .03). More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Montgomery, 2007 [(11)C]raclopride binding was reduced in...... [(11)C]raclopride binding was reduced in the dorsal striatum of people taking antidepressants suggesting that dopamine release was increased, compared to untreated controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Molecule Nucleoside triphosphate molecule 2
Forester, 2009 Total tissue beta-NTP (-8%, t(18.66) = 3...... Total tissue beta-NTP (-8%, t(18.66) = 3.50; p = 0.0024) and total tissue total NTP (-6%, t(17.41) = 2.68; p = 0.0156) were lower in subjects with geriatric depression compared with healthy controls. (high energy phosphate compounds (beta and total NTP, PCr) ) More... spectrophotometric analysis
Forester, 2009 Total tissue beta-NTP (-8%, t(18.66) = 3...... Total tissue beta-NTP (-8%, t(18.66) = 3.50; p = 0.0024) and total tissue total NTP (-6%, t(17.41) = 2.68; p = 0.0156) were lower in subjects with geriatric depression compared with healthy controls. (high energy phosphate compounds (beta and total NTP, PCr) ) More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Molecule Phosphocreatine molecule 2
Kondo, 2011 Compared to healthy controls, creatine-t...... Compared to healthy controls, creatine-treated adolescents demonstrated a significant increase in brain Phosphocreatine (PCr) concentration (p=0.02) on follow-up (31)P MRS brain scans. More... spectrophotometric analysis
Nery, 2009 Male MDD patients presented lower levels...... Male MDD patients presented lower levels of PCr+Cr (phosphocreatine plus creatine) than male healthy controls (HC), female MDD patients presented higher levels of PCr+Cr than female HC. More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Molecule Glycerophospholipids molecule 2
Olvera, 2010 MDD subjects also had significantly lowe...... MDD subjects also had significantly lower levels of GPC+PC in the right AC than control subjects. More... spectrophotometric analysis
Caetano, 2005 Depressed subjects had significantly low...... Depressed subjects had significantly lower levels of glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC + PC; or choline-containing compounds) and higher myo-inositol levels in the left DLPFC compared to healthy controls. I More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Molecule Phosphorylcholine molecule 2
Caetano, 2005 Depressed subjects had significantly low...... Depressed subjects had significantly lower levels of glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC + PC; or choline-containing compounds) and higher myo-inositol levels in the left DLPFC compared to healthy controls. I More... spectrophotometric analysis
Olvera, 2010 MDD subjects also had significantly lowe...... MDD subjects also had significantly lower levels of GPC+PC in the right AC than control subjects. More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Molecule Glucose molecule 2
Drevets, 2002 At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism...... At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism was increased in the left and right lateral orbital cortex/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), left amygdala, and posterior cingulate cortex, and decreased in the subgenual ACC and dorsal medial/dorsal anterolateral PFC in the unmedicated depressives relative to controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Saxena, 2003 improvement of major depressive disorder...... improvement of major depressive disorder symptoms was significantly correlated with lower pretreatment (glucose) metabolism in the amygdala (partial r=0.71) and thalamus (partial r=0.34) and with higher pretreatment (glucose) metabolism in the medial prefrontal cortex and rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (Talairach coordinates: x=0, y=62, z=10) (z=2.91). More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Molecule Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated molecule 1
Assies, 2010 In plasma and erythrocytes of patients w...... In plasma and erythrocytes of patients with MDD-R the concentrations of the MUFAs with a chain length > 20 carbon (C) atoms, were significantly lower than in the controls. In contrast, the concentrations of the shorter chain members (< or = 18C) of the MUFAs were significantly higher in the patients. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Fatty Acids, Unsaturated molecule 1
Assies, 2010 Erythrocyte PUFAs in patients, with a ch...... Erythrocyte PUFAs in patients, with a chain length > 20 carbon (C) atoms, were significantly lower than in the controls More... blood analysis
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Molecule Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol molecule 1
Koenigsberg, 2004 The depressed patients had phase advance...... The depressed patients had phase advanced circadian rhythms for cortisol, norepinephrine and MHPG, phase advanced hemicircadian rhythms for cortisol and prolactin, and a phase advanced ultradian rhythm for prolactin compared to healthy control subjects. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Fatty Acids molecule 1
Assies, 2010 In plasma and erythrocytes of patients w...... In plasma and erythrocytes of patients with MDD-R the concentrations of the SFAs with a chain length > 20 carbon (C) atoms, were significantly lower than in the controls. In contrast, the concentrations of the shorter chain members (< or = 18C) of the SFAs were significantly higher in the patients. More... blood analysis
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Molecule Norepinephrine molecule 1
Koenigsberg, 2004 The depressed patients had phase advance...... The depressed patients had phase advanced circadian rhythms for cortisol, norepinephrine and MHPG, phase advanced hemicircadian rhythms for cortisol and prolactin, and a phase advanced ultradian rhythm for prolactin compared to healthy control subjects. In addition, the rhythm-corrected 24-h mean value (mesor) of norepinephrine was lower in the depressed patients compared to the healthy controls. There also was a poorer goodness-of-fit for norepinephrine to the circadian oscillator in the depressed patients relative to the healthy controls. More... blood analysis
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Molecule N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid molecule 1
Reynolds, 2011 There are significant deficits of NAAG i...... There are significant deficits of NAAG in the amygdala in the depression group. More... postmortem study
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Molecule beta-Endorphin molecule 1
Young, 2000 The beta-endorphin response to the TSST(...... The beta-endorphin response to the TSST(Trier Social Stress Test) was significantly smaller in the depressed patients compared to matched controls. More... cognitive test
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Molecule Dehydroepiandrosterone molecule 1
Assies, 2004 In patients compared with controls, DHEA...... In patients compared with controls, DHEA-S was significantly elevated More... salivary analysis
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Molecule Estradiol molecule 1
Holsen, 2011 MDD women had a lower serum estradiol an...... MDD women had a lower serum estradiol and higher serum progesterone compared to controls. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); blood analysis
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Molecule Progesterone molecule 1
Holsen, 2011 MDD women had a lower serum estradiol an...... MDD women had a lower serum estradiol and higher serum progesterone compared to controls. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); blood analysis
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Molecule dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate molecule 1
Lopes, 2012 MDD patients with or without previous tr...... MDD patients with or without previous trauma had similarly lower DHEAS in parallel with blunted T cell proliferation. More... salivary analysis
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Molecule Homocysteine molecule 1
Chen, 2005 Plasma total homocysteine levels were hi...... Plasma total homocysteine levels were higher in elderly patients with late-onset MDD versus comparison subjects. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); blood analysis; genotyping
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Molecule Linoleic Acid molecule 1
Jadoon A, 2012 Erythrocyte membrane linoleic acid level...... Erythrocyte membrane linoleic acid levels had a curvilinear association with depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms. Plasma linoleic acid levels were found to have a negative linear relationship with depressive symptoms. More... chromatography
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Molecule Docosahexaenoic Acids molecule 1
McNamara, 2007 After correction for multiple comparison...... After correction for multiple comparisons, the omega-3 fatty acid DHA was the only fatty acid that was significantly different (-22%) in the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of MDD patients relative to normal controls. More... postmortem study
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Pathway adenylate cyclase activity pathway 1
Valdizan, 2003 we found a significant lower response to...... we found a significant lower response to beta(1)-adrenoceptors agonist-stimulated AC(adenylate cyclase) activity in the major depressive disorder group (p <.01). More... postmortem study
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Pathway synaptic transmission, glutamatergic pathway 1
Rosenberg, 2004 Anterior cingulate glutamatergic concent...... Anterior cingulate glutamatergic concentrations were significantly reduced in patients with MDD. More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Pathway wnt receptor signaling pathway pathway 1
Inkster, 2010 We observed associations for polymorphis...... We observed associations for polymorphisms in 8/13 canonical Wnt pathway genes More... genotyping; association analysis
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Pathway glutamate decarboxylase activity pathway 1
Karolewicz, 2010 The overall amount of GAD-67 was signifi...... The overall amount of GAD-67 was significantly reduced (-34%) in depressed subjects compared to matched controls. The overall amounts of GAD-65 were similar in depressed subjects compared to matched controls, regardless of antidepressant medication. More... immunoblotting
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Pathway Killer Cells, Natural cell 2
Ravindran, 1996 It has been observed that levels of circ...... It has been observed that levels of circulating natural killer (NK) cells were elevated in depressed patients. More... psychometric method
Irwin, 2003 depressed patients showed declines of na...... depressed patients showed declines of natural killer cell activity More... electroencephalogram (EEG); immunocytochemical analysis
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Pathway pyramidal neuron cell 1
Khundakar, 2009 we found a decrease in pyramidal neurona...... we found a decrease in pyramidal neuronal size in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in late-life depression. More... postmortem study
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Pathway Th17 Cells cell 1
Chen, 2010 depressed subjects revealed a significan...... depressed subjects revealed a significant increase in peripheral Th17 cell number More... immunocytochemical analysis; flow cytometric analysis; RT-PCR; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
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Pathway T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory cell 1
Chen, 2010 depressed subjects revealed an obvious d...... depressed subjects revealed an obvious decrease in T-reg cell numbe More... immunocytochemical analysis; flow cytometric analysis; RT-PCR; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
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Pathway Erythrocyte cell 1
Jadoon A, 2012 Erythrocyte membrane linoleic acid level...... Erythrocyte membrane linoleic acid levels had a curvilinear association with depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms. Plasma linoleic acid levels were found to have a negative linear relationship with depressive symptoms. More... chromatography
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Pathway Blood Platelets cell 1
Canan F, 2012 Patients with major depression were foun...... Patients with major depression were found to have increased MPV levels in comparison with participants without depression (p = 0.001). After excluding the subjects with risk factors capable of influencing platelet activity, MPV was still found to be elevated in patients with major depression compared with non-depressed individuals (p < 0.01). More... blood analysis
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Neural system P300 neurobiological system 11
Kemp, 2009 A subsequent reduction and delay in the ...... A subsequent reduction and delay in the P300 was also revealed for MDD indicating that the pronounced lack of discrimination in clinical depression may also lead to impaired stimulus evaluation. More... event-related potential (ERP)
Ortiz, 2003 The depressive patients showed increased...... The depressive patients showed increased event-related potentials (P300) between 300-700 milliseconds registered in Pz. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system Alpha wave neurobiological system 8
Tekell, 2005 Schizophrenic (SZ) and major depressive ...... Schizophrenic (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD) patients showed significantly greater high frequency (HF) power than healthy controls (HC) in all sleep stages (p<0.0001). More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
Segrave, 2011 Within the MDD group, antidepressant use...... Within the MDD group, antidepressant use was associated with significantly greater right than left hemispheric power in the lower alpha 1 band. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system Late positive component neurobiological system 7
Iakimova, 2009 Patients exhibited prolonged latency of ...... Patients exhibited prolonged latency of the LPC in semantic judgment More... event-related potential (ERP)
Shestyuk, 2010 Greater component amplitudes in response...... Greater component amplitudes in response to negative relative to positive self-referent items were evident in individuals with current depression during effortful encoding (indexed by the late positive component). More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system P100 neurobiological system 6
Yang, 2011 MDD patients showed decreased P1 latency...... MDD patients showed decreased P1 latency over right posterior regions to negative relative to positive target stimuli More... event-related potential (ERP)
Dai, 2011 The MDD participants had a larger P1 amp...... The MDD participants had a larger P1 amplitude for sad faces in the positive priming condition compared with the other groups. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system P200 neurobiological system 6
Yang, 2011 Compared to controls, MDD patients showe...... Compared to controls, MDD patients showed enlarged anterior P2 amplitude to positive target stimuli. More... event-related potential (ERP)
Kemp, 2009 The key finding was a dimensional exagge...... The key finding was a dimensional exaggeration of the P200 (140-270 ms) to both target (signal) and non-target (noise) stimuli, most pronounced in MDD, followed by PDM (participants with depressed mood), relative to CTL (healthy controls). More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system Error-related negativity (ERN) neurobiological system 5
Ruchsow, 2006 Patients with major depressive disorder ...... Patients with major depressive disorder again showed a less negative ERN/Ne amplitude in error trials following error trials. More... event-related potential (ERP)
Georgiadi, 2011 Results showed an abnormally larger ERN ...... Results showed an abnormally larger ERN (p<.05) in remitted patients, especially in younger cases. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system N400 neurobiological system 5
Ortiz, 2003 The depressive patients showed increased...... The depressive patients showed increased event-related potentials (N400) between 300-700 milliseconds registered in Pz. More... event-related potential (ERP)
Iakimova, 2009 Patients exhibited prolonged latency of ...... Patients exhibited prolonged latency of the N400 in semantic judgment More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system Delta wave neurobiological system 4
Korb, 2008 MDD subjects showed significantly elevat...... MDD subjects showed significantly elevated current density in delta, theta, alpha, beta1, and beta2 frequency bands relative to controls in anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices. More... electroencephalogram (EEG); low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA)
Lubar, 2003 The between groups comparison of spectra...... The between groups comparison of spectral power revealed decreased activity in the right middle temporal gyrus in the depressed group. The decrease emerged in the whole frequency spectrum analyzed (2-32 Hz), although it reached significance in the Delta (2-3.5 Hz) band only. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system Electroencephalographic activity neurobiological system 4
Kemp, 2010 reduced left-frontal electroencephalogra...... reduced left-frontal electroencephalographic activity in MDD More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
Stewart, 2011 Past MDD+ women displayed relatively les...... Past MDD+ women displayed relatively less right parietal activity than current MDD+ and MDD- women, replicating prior work. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system Beta wave neurobiological system 4
Pizzagalli, 2002 Depressed subjects showed more excitator...... Depressed subjects showed more excitatory (beta3, 21.5-30.0 Hz) activity in the right superior and inferior frontal lobe (Brodmann's area 9/10/11) than comparison subjects. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
Armitage, 2006 Temporal coherence was significantly low...... Temporal coherence was significantly lower in adolescents with MDD, compared to healthy controls. Findings were most robust for coherence between left and right beta and between delta and beta in both hemispheres. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep neurobiological system 4
Rao, 2008 Compared with controls, depressed adoles...... Compared with controls, depressed adolescents had significantly reduced sleep efficiency, shorter latency to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, increased phasic REM sleep. More... electroencephalogram (EEG); urinary analysis
Nofzinger, 2004 Depressed patients showed greater REM sl...... Depressed patients showed greater REM sleep percentages. More... positron emission tomography (PET); electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system Theta wave neurobiological system 4
Cook, 2009 Decreases in MRF (midline and right fron...... Decreases in MRF (midline and right frontal cortical area) cordance at 1 week predicted remission with medication with 69% overall accuracy (90% sensitivity; 60% specificity). More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
Cornwell, 2010 Robust group differences in theta activi...... Robust group differences in theta activity were observed in right medial temporal cortices during navigation, with patients exhibiting less engagement of the anterior hippocampus and parahippocampal cortices relative to comparison subjects. More... magnetoencephalography (MEG)
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Neural system Mismatch negativity neurobiological system 3
Takei, 2009 The magnetic global field power (mGFP) o...... The magnetic global field power (mGFP) of MMNm (mismatch field) was significantly smaller in the major depressive disorder patients than in the healthy volunteers More... magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Lepisto, 2004 The children with MD (major depression) ...... The children with MD (major depression) had shorter MMN latencies than the controls. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system N200 neurobiological system 3
Yang, 2011 MDD patients showed relatively high N2 a...... MDD patients showed relatively high N2 amplitudes to negative compared with positive target stimuli. MDD patients showed marginally reduced N2 amplitude to positive target stimuli compared with controls. More... event-related potential (ERP)
Holmes, 2008 Compared to healthy controls, MDD subjec...... Compared to healthy controls, MDD subjects showed reduced N2 amplitudes. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system N100 neurobiological system 2
Dai, 2011 The MDD participants showed a smaller N1...... The MDD participants showed a smaller N1 amplitude for negative words in bilateral hemispheres compared with the other groups. More... event-related potential (ERP); psychometric method
Poulsen, 2009 For controls, the event-related potentia...... For controls, the event-related potential (ERP) showed an enhanced visual N1 for trials in which Bad traits were endorsed. For depressed participants, this N1 was attenuated, specifically for these endorsed Bad trials. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system Dopaminergic system neurobiological system 2
Tremblay, 2005 Subjects with MDD had a hypersensitive r...... Subjects with MDD had a hypersensitive response to the rewarding effects of dextroamphetamine, which altered brain activation in the putamen, caudate, orbitofrontal cortex and prefrontal cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); dose administration
Busto, 2009 Depressed smokers had a lower baseline [...... Depressed smokers had a lower baseline [(11)C]-raclopride binding potential compared with both control non-smokers (P < 0.007) and depressed non-smokers (P < 0.001). More... positron emission tomography (PET); dose administration
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Neural system Error-related positivity neurobiological system 2
Chiu, 2007 Across all conditions, the depressed par...... Across all conditions, the depressed participants exhibited greater amplitude of the error-related negativity component, relative to the comparison subjects, and equivalent error positivity amplitude. More... event-related potential (ERP)
Olvet, 2010 the difference between the Pe on error a...... the difference between the Pe on error and correct trials (DeltaPe) was reduced among individuals with MDD compared to healthy controls More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system Slow wave potential neurobiological system 2
Motomura, 2002 Temporal slow waves were more common in ...... Temporal slow waves were more common in depressed patients (47%) than in normal controls (22%). More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
Diener, 2009 Depressed participants showed an enhance...... Depressed participants showed an enhanced frontal PINV as an electrophysiological index of altered information processing during both loss of control and restitution of control. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system Brainstem auditory evoked potentials neurobiological system 1
Fitzgerald, 2009 The melancholic patients had a significa...... The melancholic patients had a significantly shallower auditory evoked potential (IDAEP) slope than the non-melancholic patients not explained by depression severity or age. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system P3a neurobiological system 1
Lepisto, 2004 The late component of the P3a (lP3a) was...... The late component of the P3a (lP3a) was enhanced in amplitude in the patients as compared with that in the controls. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system Current density neurobiological system 1
Holmes, 2008 Relative to comparison subjects, patient...... Relative to comparison subjects, patients with MDD displayed higher current density in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) (Brodmann area 10/32) 80 milliseconds after committing an error. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system Late discriminative negativity (LDN) neurobiological system 1
Lepisto, 2004 The children with MD (major depression) ...... The children with MD (major depression) had shorter LDN latencies than the controls. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system Slow wave sleep (SWS) neurobiological system 1
Brower, 2011 MDD showed a significantly blunted slow ...... MDD showed a significantly blunted slow wave activity (SWA) response to sleep delay. Men with MDD had the least SWA in the first non-rapid eye movement (NREM) period (impaired accumulation of sleep drive) More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system Visually evoked potentials (VEPs) neurobiological system 1
Normann, 2007 early VEP amplitudes were decreased in d...... early VEP amplitudes were decreased in depressed patients when compared with matched control subjects More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Neural system Gamma wave neurobiological system 1
Strelets, 2007 The results showed that the power of the...... The results showed that the power of the gamma rhythm in the frontal and temporal areas of the cortex was significantly greater in patients with depression than in normal subjects. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis neurobiological system 1
Friess, 2008 As expected patients with depression sho...... As expected patients with depression showed an overactivity of the HPA axis More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system Anterior cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 48
Frodl, 2008 Compared with controls, patients showed ...... Compared with controls, patients showed significantly more decline in gray matter density of the anterior cingulum More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Gabbay, 2012 Compared with control subjects, adolesce...... Compared with control subjects, adolescents with MDD had significantly decreased ACC GABA/w (t = 3.2; P < .003). More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Neural system Amygdala brain morphology and function 42
Holsen, 2011 fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal ...... fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal intensity changes in controls versus MDD in hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, OFC, ACC, and subgenual ACC, findings unrelated to medication status. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); blood analysis
van Eijndhoven, 2011 Both patient groups showed stronger subs...... Both patient groups showed stronger subsequent memory effects in the amygdala when compared to controls More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Hippocampus brain morphology and function 40
Holsen, 2011 fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal ...... fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal intensity changes in controls versus MDD in hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, OFC, ACC, and subgenual ACC, findings unrelated to medication status. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); blood analysis
MacMillan, 2003 Pediatric patients with MDD had signific...... Pediatric patients with MDD had significantly larger left (14%) and right (11%) amygdala:hippocampal volume ratios than controls. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system White matter brain morphology and function 18
Gabbay, 2012 Anterior cingulate cortex white matter w...... Anterior cingulate cortex white matter was also significantly decreased in adolescents with MDD compared with controls (P = .04). More... spectrophotometric analysis
Steingard, 2002 Significantly smaller frontal white matt...... Significantly smaller frontal white matter volumes were found in the depressed subjects, after controlling for age and whole brain volume. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Cerebellum brain morphology and function 17
Naismith, 2010 control subjects showed significantly gr...... control subjects showed significantly greater activity in the middle frontal gyrus whereas the patients exhibited greater activity in the cerebellum. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Scheuerecker, 2010 As shown by voxel-based morphometry, dep...... As shown by voxel-based morphometry, depressed patients had reductions in orbitofrontal cortex volume and increases in cerebellar volume. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 17
Norbury, 2010 Compared with controls, recovered depres...... Compared with controls, recovered depressed patients had increased responses bilaterally to fearful faces in the DLPFC More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Matthews, 2011 MDD relative to non-MDD individuals show...... MDD relative to non-MDD individuals showed lower activity during fear matching trials in emotional control structures such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Thalamus brain morphology and function 16
Johnstone, 2007 Pupil dilation data suggest that those d...... Pupil dilation data suggest that those depressed patients who expend more effort to reappraise negative stimuli are characterized by accentuated activation in the thalamus, whereas nondepressed individuals exhibit the opposite pattern. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Deschwanden, 2011 The PET study revealed lower levels of r...... The PET study revealed lower levels of regional mGluR5 binding in the prefrontal cortex, the cingulate cortex, the insula, the thalamus, and the hippocampus in the depression group relative to the comparison group. More... positron emission tomography (PET); immunoblotting
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Neural system Orbitofrontal cortex brain morphology and function 15
Lacerda, 2004 The MDD patients had smaller gray matter...... The MDD patients had smaller gray matter volumes in right medial [two-way analysis of covariance F(1,60) = 4.285; p =.043] and left lateral OFC [F(1,60) = 4.252; p =.044]. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Smoski, 2009 MDD participants showed hyperresponsivit...... MDD participants showed hyperresponsivity in orbitofrontal cortex during reward selection. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 15
Strigo, 2008 Subjects with MDD compared with healthy ...... Subjects with MDD compared with healthy controls showed decreased activation in the prefrontal cortices during painful stimulation relative to nonpainful stimulation, More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Pagani, 2004 As compared to normal controls, MDD rCBF...... As compared to normal controls, MDD rCBF (regional cerebral blood flow) was relatively higher in bilaterally in prefrontal cortex ( P<0.005) More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system Posterior cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 13
Grimm, 2009 MDD patients showed significantly reduce...... MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blood oxygenation level-dependent responses) in several regions of the default-mode network such as the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
van Wingen, 2010 The amygdala and posterior cingulate cor...... The amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex were involved in memory retrieval of happy faces only. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Insula brain morphology and function 11
Zhang, 2009 Compared with healthy participants, pati...... Compared with healthy participants, patients with major depressive disorder showed significantly decreased local gyrification index in the insula, More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Johnstone, 2007 Pupil dilation data suggest that those d...... Pupil dilation data suggest that those depressed patients who expend more effort to reappraise negative stimuli are characterized by accentuated activation in the insula, whereas nondepressed individuals exhibit the opposite pattern. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Temporal Lobe brain morphology and function 11
Abe, 2010 Local areas showing an increase of MD (m...... Local areas showing an increase of MD (mean diffusivity) in depressive patients were observed in the temporal lobe More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
Zhang, 2011 The MDD patients exhibited reduced nodal...... The MDD patients exhibited reduced nodal centralities in the temporal regions. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Frontal Lobe brain morphology and function 10
Steingard, 2002 Significantly larger frontal gray matter...... Significantly larger frontal gray matter volumes were found in the depressed subjects, after controlling for age and whole brain volume. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Aihara, 2007 Prior to treatment of the unmedicated MD...... Prior to treatment of the unmedicated MDD, a significant hypometabolism in various frontal regions were observed compared with controls. More... dose administration; positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 9
Li, 2010 The non-remitting patients had reduced g...... The non-remitting patients had reduced gray matter volume in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, BA 9). Voxel-based structural deficits in the left DLPFC may characterize a subgroup of people with recurrent MDD who respond poorly to antidepressants. More... neuropsychological test; psychometric method; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Caetano, 2005 Depressed subjects had significantly low...... Depressed subjects had significantly lower levels of glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC + PC; or choline-containing compounds) and higher myo-inositol levels in the left DLPFC compared to healthy controls. I More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Neural system Caudate nucleus brain morphology and function 9
Selvaraj, 2011 The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT...... The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT binding in several brain regions including caudate More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Forbes, 2009 Diminished activation in a caudate regio...... Diminished activation in a caudate region associated with this depression group difference was correlated with lower subjective positive affect in natural environments, particularly within the depressed group More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right hippocampus brain morphology and function 8
O'Brien, 2004 Depressed subjects had hypercortisolemia...... Depressed subjects had hypercortisolemia (53% increase in area under the curve) and a reduction in right hippocampal volume (6% decrease). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MacMaster, 2004 An analysis of covariance revealed a sig...... An analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference between MDD and control subjects (F = 8.66, df = 1, 29, P = 0.006). This was more strongly localized to the left hippocampus (P = 0.001) than the right hippocampus (P = 0.047). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Ventral striatum brain morphology and function 8
Malone, 2009 Significant improvements in depressive s...... Significant improvements in depressive symptoms were observed during deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral striatum. More... deep brain stimulation (DBS); psychometric method
Neumeister, 2004 Compared with sham depletion, TD (trypto...... Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was associated with an increase in regional cerebral glucose utilization in the ventral striatum in patients with remitted MDD but not in controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET); dose administration; psychometric method
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Neural system Putamen brain morphology and function 8
Halari, 2009 Adolescents with depression compared to ...... Adolescents with depression compared to healthy controls demonstrated reduced activation in putamen, insula and temporal lobes during the Switch task. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Vythilingam, 2003 Compared with control subjects, MDD pati...... Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had a significantly lower mean NAA/Cr amplitude in the caudate and a significantly higher mean Cho/Cr amplitude in the putamen, particularly on the right side. More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Neural system medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) brain morphology and function 8
Alexopoulos, 2009 Depressed elders (N=27) had lower FA (fr...... Depressed elders (N=27) had lower FA (fractional anisotropy) than controls (N=27) in several frontolimbic areas, including the medial prefrontal regions More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
Cooney, 2010 Neural activity during rumination versus...... Neural activity during rumination versus abstract distraction was greater for depressed than for control participants in the amygdala, rostral anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and parahippocampus. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Midbrain brain morphology and function 8
Lehto, 2008 Major depression groups had lower midbra...... Major depression groups had lower midbrain [123I] nor-beta-CIT(a selective dopamine transporter imaging agent) binding compared with the controls. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Miller, 2008 Non-remitters had lower 5-HTT binding th...... Non-remitters had lower 5-HTT binding than controls in midbrain, amygdala, and anterior cingulate. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system Occipital Lobe brain morphology and function 8
Peng, 2011 ReHo (regional homogeneity) in the left ...... ReHo (regional homogeneity) in the left thalamus, left temporal lobe, left cerebellar posterior lobe, and the bilateral occipital lobe was found to be significantly decreased in depression compared to healthy controls in resting state of depression. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Drevets, 1999 The mean 5HT1A receptor BP was reduced i...... The mean 5HT1A receptor BP was reduced in the occipital cortex in the depressives relative to the controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system Left amygdala brain morphology and function 8
Roberson-Nay, 2006 MDD patients exhibited greater left amyg...... MDD patients exhibited greater left amygdala activation relative to healthy and anxious youth. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Drevets, 2002 At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism...... At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism was increased in the left amygdala in the unmedicated depressives relative to controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system left hippocampus brain morphology and function 8
Steffens, 2011 over 2 years, the depressed group showed...... over 2 years, the depressed group showed a greater reduction in left hippocampal volume compared with the nondepressed group (mean difference = 0.013 +/- 0.0059, t = 2.18, df = 160, p <0.0305). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MacMaster, 2004 An analysis of covariance revealed a sig...... An analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference between MDD and control subjects (F = 8.66, df = 1, 29, P = 0.006). This was more strongly localized to the left hippocampus (P = 0.001) than the right hippocampus (P = 0.047). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Subgenual cingulate brain morphology and function 7
Aizenstein, 2011 Greater subgenual cingulate activity was...... Greater subgenual cingulate activity was observed in the depressed patients relative to the nondepressed comparison subjects. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Terroni, 2011 Major depressive episode was associated ...... Major depressive episode was associated with larger lesions in areas of the medial prefrontal cortex including the ventral (BA24) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA32) and subgenual cortex (BA25); and also the subiculum (BA28/36) and amygdala (BA34). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Fronto-parietal connection brain morphology and function 7
Selvaraj, 2011 The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT...... The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT binding in several brain regions including frontal cortex. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Kohn, 2007 Baseline rCBF (regional cerebral blood f...... Baseline rCBF (regional cerebral blood flow) was lower in depressed patients than in controls in the frontal cortex and subcortical nuclei bilaterally. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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Neural system Superior temporal gyrus brain morphology and function 7
Naismith, 2010 control subjects showed significantly gr...... control subjects showed significantly greater activity in the middle frontal gyrus whereas the patients exhibited greater activity in the superior temporal gyrus More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Cullen, 2009 Seed-based connectivity analysis reveale...... Seed-based connectivity analysis revealed that adolescents with MDD have decreased functional connectivity in a subgenual ACC-based neural network that includes the supragenual ACC (BA 32), the right medial frontal cortex (BA 10), the left inferior (BA 47) and superior frontal cortex (BA 22), superior temporal gyrus (BA 22), and the insular cortex (BA 13). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system rostral anterior cingulate brain morphology and function 7
Treadway, 2009 Depressed patients showed decreased grey...... Depressed patients showed decreased grey matter volume in the rostral ACC as compared to controls. More... voxel-based morphometry
Kumar, 2008 Patients with MDD had significantly redu...... Patients with MDD had significantly reduced reward-learning signals in rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Parietal Lobe brain morphology and function 7
Halari, 2009 Adolescents with depression compared to ...... Adolescents with depression compared to healthy controls demonstrated reduced activation in the parietal lobes during the Stop and Switch tasks More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Silveira, 2010 Our cross-sectional study showed that a ...... Our cross-sectional study showed that a lower mean frequency (MF) in posterior areas is related to depression in the elderly. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system subgenual anterior cingulate brain morphology and function 7
Cullen, 2009 Seed-based connectivity analysis reveale...... Seed-based connectivity analysis revealed that adolescents with MDD have decreased functional connectivity in a subgenual ACC-based neural network that includes the supragenual ACC (BA 32), the right medial frontal cortex (BA 10), the left inferior (BA 47) and superior frontal cortex (BA 22), superior temporal gyrus (BA 22), and the insular cortex (BA 13). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Niida, 2011 sACC volume reduction was noted in 66 of...... sACC volume reduction was noted in 66 of the 71 patients receiving treatment of MDD, with sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 85%, and accuracy of 90%. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Middle frontal gyrus brain morphology and function 7
Rasgon, 2008 Findings include hypermetabolism in the ...... Findings include hypermetabolism in the middle frontal gyrus among depressed compared with non-depressed women. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Dichter, 2009 During neutral blocks, the control group...... During neutral blocks, the control group demonstrated greater activation to targets in the midfrontal gyrus relative to the MDD group. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Precuneus brain morphology and function 7
Halari, 2009 Adolescents with depression compared to ...... Adolescents with depression compared to healthy controls demonstrated reduced activation in precuneus during the Simon task. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Grimm, 2009 Neurally, patients with MDD showed signi...... Neurally, patients with MDD showed significantly lower signal intensities in various subcortical and cortical midline regions like the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), supragenual anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, ventral striatum (VS), and the dorsomedial thalamus (DMT). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Basal ganglia brain morphology and function 6
Agid, 2003 Mean volume of T2-WIH was significantly ...... Mean volume of T2-WIH was significantly greater (p=0.004) in depressed subjects. In the control group T2-WIH(T2-weighted image 'hyperintensities') were exclusively located in the supratentorial hemispheral white matter while in the depressed group T2-WIH were also found in basal ganglia, temporal lobe, cerebellum and brainstem. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Kessler, 2011 Relative to control subjects, patients w...... Relative to control subjects, patients with depression showed increased hemodynamic responses in limbic-paralimbic and subcortical regions (e.g. amygdala and basal ganglia) but no signal decrease in prefrontal regions. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 6
Wu, 1992 Before sleep deprivation the depressed r...... Before sleep deprivation the depressed responders had a significantly higher cingulate cortex metabolic rate than the depressed nonresponders, and this normalized after sleep deprivation. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Deschwanden, 2011 The PET study revealed lower levels of r...... The PET study revealed lower levels of regional mGluR5 binding in the prefrontal cortex, the cingulate cortex, the insula, the thalamus, and the hippocampus in the depression group relative to the comparison group. More... positron emission tomography (PET); immunoblotting
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Neural system Striatum brain morphology and function 6
Smoski, 2009 The MDD group was characterized by reduc...... The MDD group was characterized by reduced activation of striatal reward regions during reward selection, reward anticipation, and reward feedback. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Dougherty, 2006 [(11)C]SCH 23,390 binding in bilateral s...... [(11)C]SCH 23,390 binding in bilateral striata was significantly lower in the MDD+A group when compared to healthy volunteers. These results implicate striatal D1 receptor dysfunction in MDD+A and further suggest an association between dopaminergic transmission and anger or aggression. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system Parahippocampal gyrus brain morphology and function 6
Aihara, 2007 Prior to treatment of the unmedicated MD...... Prior to treatment of the unmedicated MDD, a significant hypermetabolism in the parahippocampal gyrus were observed compared with controls. More... dose administration; positron emission tomography (PET)
Klumpers, 2010 In MDD, parametric voxel-by-voxel Logan ...... In MDD, parametric voxel-by-voxel Logan plots showed bilateral reduced [(11)C]FMZ binding in the parahippocampal gyrus and right lateral superior temporal gyrus (p uncorrected < or =0.001). The bilateral reduction in limbic parahippocampal and right temporal [(11)C]FMZ binding found in MDD indicates decreased GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor complex affinity and/or number. More... positron emission tomography (PET); dose administration
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Neural system dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) brain morphology and function 6
Seidel, 2012 Applying a psycho-physiological interact...... Applying a psycho-physiological interaction analysis, we observed reduced coupling between a dorsomedial PFC seed region and limbic areas during self-serving attributions in patients compared to controls. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Grimm, 2009 Neurally, patients with MDD showed signi...... Neurally, patients with MDD showed significantly lower signal intensities in various subcortical and cortical midline regions like the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), supragenual anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, ventral striatum (VS), and the dorsomedial thalamus (DMT). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left insula brain morphology and function 5
Surguladze, 2010 Compared with healthy controls, patients...... Compared with healthy controls, patients with depression demonstrated greater activation in left insula to expressions of strong disgust. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Lee, 2007 Depressed individuals showed lower activ...... Depressed individuals showed lower activity in the left insula to positive pictures. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right anterior cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 5
Lai, 2010 Patients had deficits of gray matter vol...... Patients had deficits of gray matter volumes over right anterior cingulate cortex when compared to controls. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Olvera, 2010 MDD subjects showed significantly lower ...... MDD subjects showed significantly lower levels of NAA in the right MPFC and right AC than controls. More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Neural system right parahippocampal gyrus brain morphology and function 5
Garrett, 2011 Relative to the healthy comparison group...... Relative to the healthy comparison group, both the psychotic and nonpsychotic major depression groups had significantly greater activation in the right parahippocampal gyrus during the 2-back task More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Zhu, 2011 Compared with healthy controls, patients...... Compared with healthy controls, patients with MDD showed decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) values in three WM tracts: the left anterior limb of the internal capsule, the right parahippocampal gyrus, and the left posterior cingulate cortex. More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
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Neural system Cingulate gyrus brain morphology and function 5
Lee, 2011 Decreased gray matter concentration was ...... Decreased gray matter concentration was found in MDD patients in the bilateral amygdalae, hippocampi, fusiform gyri, lingual gyri, insular gyri, middle-superior temporal gyri, thalami, cingulate gyri, the central lobule of the cerebellum, and the midbrain encompassing the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Vasic, 2008 Patients with depression showed reduced ...... Patients with depression showed reduced gray matter volume (GMV) was found in the cingulate gyrus (BA 24/32) More... neuropsychological test; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Insular cortex brain morphology and function 4
Biver, 1997 In depressed patients, [18F]altanserin u...... In depressed patients, [18F]altanserin uptake was significantly reduced in a region of the right hemisphere including the posterolateral orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior insular cortex. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Lee, 2011 Decreased gray matter concentration was ...... Decreased gray matter concentration was found in MDD patients in the bilateral amygdalae, hippocampi, fusiform gyri, lingual gyri, insular gyri, middle-superior temporal gyri, thalami, cingulate gyri, the central lobule of the cerebellum, and the midbrain encompassing the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Limbic lobe brain morphology and function 4
Seidel, 2012 Applying a psycho-physiological interact...... Applying a psycho-physiological interaction analysis, we observed reduced coupling between a dorsomedial PFC seed region and limbic areas during self-serving attributions in patients compared to controls. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Lai, 2010 Patients had deficits of gray matter vol...... Patients had deficits of gray matter volumes over limbic areas when compared to controls. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system left prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 4
Nolan, 2002 Patients with nonfamilial MDD had signif...... Patients with nonfamilial MDD had significantly larger left-sided but not right-sided prefrontal cortical volumes than patients with familial MDD (17% larger) and controls (11% larger). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Okada, 2009 Compared to the control subjects, the pa...... Compared to the control subjects, the patients had a reduced response in the left prefrontal cortex (middle frontal gyrus, Brodmann area 10). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system ventromedial prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 4
Grimm, 2009 MDD patients showed significantly reduce...... MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blood oxygenation level-dependent responses) in several regions of the default-mode network such as the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Ritchey, 2011 Prior to treatment and relative to contr...... Prior to treatment and relative to controls, patients exhibited overall reduced activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-related symptom improvement in MDD patients was predicted by increased activity at baseline in ventromedial PFC as well as the valence effects in the ATL and dorsolateral PFC. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Right amygdala brain morphology and function 4
Strigo, 2008 Subjects with MDD compared with healthy ...... Subjects with MDD compared with healthy controls showed (1) increased activation in the right amygdala during anticipation of painful relative to nonpainful stimuli, (2) increased activation in the right amygdala during painful stimulation relative to nonpainful stimulation, and (3) greater activation in the right amygdala during anticipation of pain, which was associated with greater levels of perceived helplessness. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Tang, 2007 Volumes of bilateral ventral anterior ci...... Volumes of bilateral ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) and right amygdala were significantly smaller in the MDD group than in the HC group. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system left frontal cortex brain morphology and function 4
Vreeburg, 2010 Lifetime depressed individuals displayed...... Lifetime depressed individuals displayed less relative left frontal activity than never-depressed individuals during all facial expressions across four EEG reference montages More... salivary analysis
Reivich, 2004 Patients showed significantly larger DV ...... Patients showed significantly larger DV (distribution volume) ratios in the left frontal cortex (P=0.013) and right cingulate cortex (P=0.043) compared to control subjects. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system right putamen brain morphology and function 4
Smoski, 2011 The MDD group had relatively greater act...... The MDD group had relatively greater activation in right putamen when anticipating monetary versus pleasant image rewards, relative to the control group. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Brunswick, 2003 The specific uptake values of [(99m)Tc]T...... The specific uptake values of [(99m)Tc]TRODAT-1 (a selective dopamine transporter imaging agent) binding were significantly higher in the right anterior putamen (23%), right posterior putamen (36%), left posterior putamen (18%), and left caudate nucleus (12%) of the patients than in the comparison subjects. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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Neural system left middle temporal gyrus brain morphology and function 4
Li, 2010 Compared with normal controls, depressed...... Compared with normal controls, depressed subjects showed decreased ReHo (Regional Homogeneity) in bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left medial frontal gyrus, and left middle temporal gyrus. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Kumari, 2003 Compared with control participants, pati...... Compared with control participants, patients demonstrated increased response in the inferior (right) and middle temporal gyri (left) with negative picture-caption pairs. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Brainstem brain morphology and function 4
Selvaraj, 2011 The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT...... The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT binding in several brain regions including brain stem More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Kumar, 2008 The TD (temporal difference) signal was ...... The TD (temporal difference) signal was increased in the brainstem of depressed patients. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Pituitary gland brain morphology and function 4
MacMaster, 2004 MDD subjects demonstrated a 25% increase...... MDD subjects demonstrated a 25% increase in pituitary gland volume. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MacMaster, 2004 ANCOVA covarying for age, sex and intrac...... ANCOVA covarying for age, sex and intracranial volume (ICV) revealed a significant difference between the two groups (F=6.43, df=1, 29, P=0.02; MDD subjects demonstrated a 25% increase in pituitary gland volume). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system right insula brain morphology and function 4
Liu, 2010 Compared with the control group, subject...... Compared with the control group, subjects with MDD and those at high risk for MDD exhibited significantly decreased ReHo in the right insula and in the left cerebellum. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Lee, 2007 Depressed individuals demonstrated lower...... Depressed individuals demonstrated lower activity in the right insula to negative affective pictures. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system medial orbitofrontal cortex brain morphology and function 4
Desseilles, 2009 Analyses of fMRI data revealed that MDD ...... Analyses of fMRI data revealed that MDD patients show a hyperactivity in subgenual cingulate/medial orbitofrontal cortex that was modulated by attentional load. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Rose, 2006 Random effects analysis of the functiona...... Random effects analysis of the functional imaging data revealed a significant difference in load-dependent activation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex between patients and controls. While both participant groups exhibited a significant decrease in activation in this region with increased task difficulty, the magnitude of this decrease was smaller in patients with MDD than in controls. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Medial frontal gyrus brain morphology and function 4
Lemogne, 2009 Both patients and healthy subjects activ...... Both patients and healthy subjects activated the MFG in 'self' vs 'general' condition. However, the activation of the dorsal part of the MFG (medial frontal gyrus) and of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in 'self' vs 'general' condition was unique to patients. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Liu, 2010 ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD gro...... ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD group decreased in the left medial frontal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left anterior cingulate brain morphology and function 4
Zhang, 2009 Compared with healthy participants, pati...... Compared with healthy participants, patients with major depressive disorder showed significantly decreased local gyrification index in the left anterior cingulate cortex More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Gonul, 2004 Both psychotic and nonpsychotic depresse...... Both psychotic and nonpsychotic depressed patients showed significantly lower regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) values in the left and right superior frontal cortex, and left anterior cingulate cortex compared to those of controls. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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Neural system right caudate brain morphology and function 4
Norbury, 2010 Compared with controls, recovered depres...... Compared with controls, recovered depressed patients had increased responses bilaterally to fearful faces in the right caudate. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Monkul, 2012 Depressed patients showed increased bloo...... Depressed patients showed increased blood flow in right caudate compared with healthy volunteers. More... positron emission tomography (PET); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system ventrolateral prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 4
Drevets, 2002 At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism...... At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism was increased in the left and right lateral orbital cortex/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the unmedicated depressives relative to controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Ottowitz, 2010 Brain function evaluated across all thre...... Brain function evaluated across all three conditions showed that patients with major depressive disorder revealed activation of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Further analysis showed that patients with major depressive disorder had greater activation of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during strategy initiation. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system left parietal cortex brain morphology and function 3
Wu, 2011 Fractional anisotropy was significantly ...... Fractional anisotropy was significantly lower and apparent diffusion coefficient was significantly higher in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) within the frontal lobe, right middle frontal and left parietal white matter in the MDD group compared with the healthy group. More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
Segrave, 2010 MDD participants displayed greater upper...... MDD participants displayed greater upper alpha ERS than controls during the online information maintenance component of WM processing. This was evident over left, but not right, parieto-occipital cortex. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system left parahippocampal gyrus brain morphology and function 3
Surguladze, 2005 Depressed individuals demonstrated linea...... Depressed individuals demonstrated linear increases in response in left parahippocampal gyrus to expressions of increasing sadness. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Monkul, 2012 Depressed patients showed increased bloo...... Depressed patients showed increased blood flow in left parahippocampal gyrus (Brodmann area 36) compared with healthy volunteers. More... positron emission tomography (PET); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Sensory cortex brain morphology and function 3
Nofzinger, 2004 depressed patients showed greater activa...... depressed patients showed greater activation in primary sensorimotor cortices More... positron emission tomography (PET); electroencephalogram (EEG)
Nofzinger, 2004 depressed patients showed greater activa...... depressed patients showed greater activation in left premotor cortices More... positron emission tomography (PET); electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system left putamen brain morphology and function 3
Surguladze, 2005 Depressed individuals demonstrated linea...... Depressed individuals demonstrated linear increases in response in left putamen to expressions of increasing sadness. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Lacerda, 2003 In the patient group, left putamen volum...... In the patient group, left putamen volumes correlated inversely with length of illness, and left globus pallidus volume correlated directly with number of prior depressive episodes. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 3
Halari, 2009 In all three tasks, adolescents with dep...... In all three tasks, adolescents with depression compared to healthy controls demonstrated reduced activation in task-relevant right dorsolateral (DLPFC), inferior prefrontal cortex (IFC) and anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Grimm, 2008 The MDD patients showed hyperactivity in...... The MDD patients showed hyperactivity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during attended emotional judgment. Hyperactivity in the right DLPFC correlated with depression severity. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Lingual gyrus brain morphology and function 3
Lai, 2010 Patients had deficits of gray matter vol...... Patients had deficits of gray matter volumes over occipital lingual gyrus when compared to controls. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Scheuerecker, 2010 Depressed patients showed increased acti...... Depressed patients showed increased activity during emotion recognition in the lingual gyrus. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system right middle temporal gyrus brain morphology and function 3
Liu, 2010 Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the...... Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the MD group were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls in the white matter of the right middle temporal gyrus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Surguladze, 2010 Compared with healthy controls, patients...... Compared with healthy controls, patients with depression demonstrated greater activation in right middle/inferior temporal gyrus to expressions of strong disgust. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system dorsal anterior cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 3
Terroni, 2011 Major depressive episode was associated ...... Major depressive episode was associated with larger lesions in areas of the medial prefrontal cortex including the ventral (BA24) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA32) and subgenual cortex (BA25); and also the subiculum (BA28/36) and amygdala (BA34). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Kumar, 2008 Patients with MDD had significantly redu...... Patients with MDD had significantly reduced reward-learning signals in rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Temporo-parietal connection brain morphology and function 3
Awata, 1998 (patients with major depressive disorder...... (patients with major depressive disorder in late life) compared with 13 age-matched controls, relative rCBF(regional cerebral blood flow) was significantly decreased bilaterally in the temporal cortex More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Kimbrell, 2002 Compared with control subjects, the subg...... Compared with control subjects, the subgroup of patients with Hamilton depression scores of 22 or greater demonstrated decreased absolute rCMRglu in the temporoparietal cortex (right > left) More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system lateral prefrontal cortices brain morphology and function 3
Johnstone, 2007 a functional magnetic resonance imaging ...... a functional magnetic resonance imaging study demonstrating left-lateralized activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) when downregulating negative affect in nondepressed individuals, whereas depressed individuals showed bilateral PFC activation More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Pu, 2011 MDD patients showed a smaller increase i...... MDD patients showed a smaller increase in lateral prefrontal and superior temporal cortex activation during the 2-back task and associated poorer task performance than healthy controls. More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Neural system left medial frontal gyrus brain morphology and function 3
Li, 2010 Compared with normal controls, depressed...... Compared with normal controls, depressed subjects showed decreased ReHo (Regional Homogeneity) in bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left medial frontal gyrus, and left middle temporal gyrus. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Liu, 2010 Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the...... Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the MD group were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls in the white matter of the left medial frontal gyrus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system anterior temporal cortex brain morphology and function 3
Pagani, 2004 As compared to normal controls, MDD rCBF...... As compared to normal controls, MDD rCBF (regional cerebral blood flow) was relatively higher in anterior temporal cortex and central structures ( P<0.05 and P<0.001 respectively). More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Ritchey, 2011 Prior to treatment and relative to contr...... Prior to treatment and relative to controls, patients exhibited enhanced responses to negative versus positive stimuli in the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) and right dorsolateral PFC. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-related symptom improvement in MDD patients was predicted by increased activity at baseline in ventromedial PFC as well as the valence effects in the ATL and dorsolateral PFC. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Postcentral gyrus brain morphology and function 3
Liu, 2010 ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD gro...... ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD group decreased in the left postcentral gyrus, right postcentral gyrus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Drevets, 1999 The mean 5HT1A receptor BP was reduced i...... The mean 5HT1A receptor BP was reduced in the postcentral gyrus in the depressives relative to the controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system Corpus callosum brain morphology and function 3
Lacerda, 2005 Patients with familial MDD had a signifi...... Patients with familial MDD had a significantly larger middle genu area (F(1,45)=4.252; p=0.045) compared to healthy controls, and significantly larger middle genu (F(1,13)=5.366; p=0.037), anterior splenium (F(1,13)=6.27; p=0.026), and middle splenium areas (F(1,13)=4.706; p=0.049) compared to patients with non-familial MDD. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Kumar, 2004 Patients had significantly lower MTRs in...... Patients had significantly lower MTRs in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, the right caudate nucleus and putamen, and the occipital white matter compared with controls. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system right striatum brain morphology and function 3
Shah, 1997 Right striatal 123I-IBZM (dopamine D2/3 ...... Right striatal 123I-IBZM (dopamine D2/3 ligand) uptake ratios were significantly higher in depressed patients than controls. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); psychometric method
Kumari, 2003 Compared with control participants, pati...... Compared with control participants, patients demonstrated increased response in the striatum (right) with positive picture-caption pairs. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left inferior temporal gyrus brain morphology and function 3
Vasic, 2008 Patients with depression showed reduced ...... Patients with depression showed reduced gray matter concentration (GMC) in the left inferior temporal cortex (BA 20) More... neuropsychological test; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Kennedy, 2006 The sustained sadness condition was asso...... The sustained sadness condition was associated with a statistically significant decrease in mu-opioid receptor BP in the left inferior temporal cortex of patients with MDD. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system pregenual anterior cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 3
Grimm, 2009 MDD patients showed significantly reduce...... MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blood oxygenation level-dependent responses) in several regions of the default-mode network such as the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Salvadore, 2010 Patients who showed the least engagement...... Patients who showed the least engagement of the pgACC in response to increased working memory load showed the greatest symptomatic improvement within 4 h of ketamine administration (r=0.82, p=0.0002, false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05). More... magnetoencephalography (MEG)
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Neural system left caudate brain morphology and function 3
Brunswick, 2003 The specific uptake values of [(99m)Tc]T...... The specific uptake values of [(99m)Tc]TRODAT-1 (a selective dopamine transporter imaging agent) binding were significantly higher in the right anterior putamen (23%), right posterior putamen (36%), left posterior putamen (18%), and left caudate nucleus (12%) of the patients than in the comparison subjects. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Gabbay, 2007 Relative to comparison subjects, adolesc...... Relative to comparison subjects, adolescents with major depressive disorder had significantly elevated concentrations of choline (2.11 mM versus 1.56 mM) and creatine (6.65 mM versus 5.26 mM) in the left caudate. More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Neural system right orbitofrontal cortex brain morphology and function 3
Vasic, 2008 Patients with depression showed reduced ...... Patients with depression showed reduced gray matter concentration (GMC) in the right orbitofrontal cortex (BA 11) More... neuropsychological test; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Smoski, 2011 The MDD group showed lower activation th...... The MDD group showed lower activation than controls when anticipating monetary rewards in right orbitofrontal cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system medial frontal cortex brain morphology and function 2
Zhang, 2011 The MDD patients exhibited increased nod...... The MDD patients exhibited increased nodal centralities, predominately in the default-mode regions, including the medial frontal regions. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Mitterschiffthaler, 2003 Patients, compared to controls, showed d...... Patients, compared to controls, showed decreased activation in medial frontal cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Nucleus accumbens brain morphology and function 2
Monk, 2008 When attention was unconstrained, high-r...... When attention was unconstrained, high-risk subjects showed greater nucleus accumbens activation to fearful faces and lower nucleus accumbens activation to happy faces. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Heller AS, 2009 While up-regulating positive affect, dep...... While up-regulating positive affect, depressed individuals failed to sustain nucleus accumbens activity over time compared with controls. More... cognitive test
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Neural system inferior orbitofrontal cortex brain morphology and function 2
Mak, 2009 The depressed participants showed specif...... The depressed participants showed specific difficulty in regulating negative emotion, which was associated with reduced GMV and concentration in the inferior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Lee, 2008 When shown pictures of sad faces, patien...... When shown pictures of sad faces, patients with MDD relative controls showed decreased activations bilaterally in the inferior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). We also found significant group differences under the angry face condition, bilaterally, in the inferior OFC. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system anterior hippocampus brain morphology and function 2
Lau, 2010 Significant effects of diagnosis and dia...... Significant effects of diagnosis and diagnosis-by-genotype interactions (F's>4, p's<0.05) characterized activations in amygdala and anterior hippocampal regions. Greater activations in patients than healthy adolescents were found. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); genotyping
Cornwell, 2010 Robust group differences in theta activi...... Robust group differences in theta activity were observed in right medial temporal cortices during navigation, with patients exhibiting less engagement of the anterior hippocampus and parahippocampal cortices relative to comparison subjects. More... magnetoencephalography (MEG)
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Neural system left inferior parietal cortex brain morphology and function 2
Costafreda, 2009 Decreased grey matter density in the lef...... Decreased grey matter density in the left inferior parietal cortex (BA 40) showed the highest contribution to the diagnosis of depression. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Surguladze, 2010 Depressed patients also demonstrated red...... Depressed patients also demonstrated reduced activation in left inferior parietal lobe to mildly fearful faces. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Limbic system brain morphology and function 2
Zou, 2010 Depressed patients showed significant gr...... Depressed patients showed significant gray matter volume reduction in the bilateral limbic system, especially in hippocampus. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Fu, 2007 An attenuated dynamic range of response ...... An attenuated dynamic range of response in limbic-subcortical regions was evident in the depressed patients, relative to the comparison subjects. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Inferior parietal lobule brain morphology and function 2
Hosokawa, 2009 Compared with healthy controls, the depr...... Compared with healthy controls, the depressed UP (unipolar mood disorder) patients showed significantly lower glucose metabolism in the bilateral inferior parietal lobules. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Salvadore, 2011 Relative to the rMDD(currently-remitted)...... Relative to the rMDD(currently-remitted) group the dMDD(currently-depressed participants) group showed reduced GM(gray matter) in the inferior parietal lobule. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system right medial frontal cortex brain morphology and function 2
Cullen, 2009 Seed-based connectivity analysis reveale...... Seed-based connectivity analysis revealed that adolescents with MDD have decreased functional connectivity in a subgenual ACC-based neural network that includes the supragenual ACC (BA 32), the right medial frontal cortex (BA 10), the left inferior (BA 47) and superior frontal cortex (BA 22), superior temporal gyrus (BA 22), and the insular cortex (BA 13). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Wu, 2011 Fractional anisotropy was significantly ...... Fractional anisotropy was significantly lower and apparent diffusion coefficient was significantly higher in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) within the frontal lobe, right middle frontal and left parietal white matter in the MDD group compared with the healthy group. More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
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Neural system right fusiform gyrus brain morphology and function 2
Surguladze, 2005 Depressed individuals demonstrated linea...... Depressed individuals demonstrated linear increases in response in right fusiform gyrus to expressions of increasing sadness. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Yao, 2009 Compared with healthy controls, decrease...... Compared with healthy controls, decreased ReHo (regional homogeneity) were found in depressed patients in the right fusiform gyrus (p<0.005, uncorrected). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right inferiorfrontal gyrus brain morphology and function 2
Wang, 2008 Patients also revealed a reversed activa...... Patients also revealed a reversed activation pattern from controls in response to this contrast in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Arnold, 2011 During successful encoding of positive w...... During successful encoding of positive words, patients exhibited a larger recruitment of a set of areas, comprising cingulate gyrus, right inferior- and left medial-frontal gyrus as well as the right anterior hippocampus/amygdala. More... cognitive test
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Neural system inferior parietal lobes brain morphology and function 2
Vasic, 2009 In a prefronto-parietal network, a decre...... In a prefronto-parietal network, a decreased functional connectivity pattern was identified in depressed patients comprising inferior parietal, superior prefrontal and frontopolar regions. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Zhang, 2011 The MDD patients exhibited increased nod...... The MDD patients exhibited increased nodal centralities, predominately in the default-mode regions, including the inferior parietal regions. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right middle frontal gyrus brain morphology and function 2
Liu, 2010 Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the...... Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the MD group were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls in the white matter of the right middle frontal gyrus (P<0.01). ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD group decreased in the right middle temporal gyrus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Dichter, 2012 During the anticipation phase of the tas...... During the anticipation phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively greater activation in bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, in right midfrontal gyrus, and in the right cerebellum. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left inferior frontal gyrus brain morphology and function 2
Monkul, 2012 The severity of depression was inversely...... The severity of depression was inversely correlated with the left inferior frontal gyri (Brodmann areas 47) blood flow. More... positron emission tomography (PET); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Berman, 2011 The MDDs exhibited more spatial variabil...... The MDDs exhibited more spatial variability in activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (a region critical for inhibiting irrelevant information), which may contribute to their relative inability to inhibit negative information. More... cognitive test; functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system superior frontal cortex brain morphology and function 2
Cullen, 2009 Seed-based connectivity analysis reveale...... Seed-based connectivity analysis revealed that adolescents with MDD have decreased functional connectivity in a subgenual ACC-based neural network that includes the supragenual ACC (BA 32), the right medial frontal cortex (BA 10), the left inferior (BA 47) and superior frontal cortex (BA 22), superior temporal gyrus (BA 22), and the insular cortex (BA 13). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Gonul, 2004 Both psychotic and nonpsychotic depresse...... Both psychotic and nonpsychotic depressed patients showed significantly lower regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) values in the left and right superior frontal cortex, and left anterior cingulate cortex compared to those of controls. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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Neural system Periaqueductal gray brain morphology and function 2
Strigo, 2008 Subjects with MDD compared with healthy ...... Subjects with MDD compared with healthy controls showed decreased activation in periaqueductal gray matter during painful stimulation relative to nonpainful stimulation, More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Cannon, 2007 The unipolar-depressives had elevated 5-...... The unipolar-depressives had elevated 5-HTT BP relative to both BD (bipolar-depressives) and HC (healthy-controls) groups in the vicinity of the periaqueductal gray (PAG, 20%, 22%, respectively). More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system Habenula brain morphology and function 2
Savitz, 2011 In post hoc assessments analyzing men an...... In post hoc assessments analyzing men and women separately, the currently-depressed women with MDD had smaller absolute (p < .05) habenula volumes than the HC (healthy control subjects) women. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Roiser, 2009 Following ATD (acute tryptophan depletio...... Following ATD (acute tryptophan depletion), habenula blood flow increased significantly in the rMDD subjects relative to the control subjects. More... tryptophan depletion (ATD); arterial spin labeling (ASL); functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Fusiform gyrus brain morphology and function 2
Lee, 2011 Decreased gray matter concentration was ...... Decreased gray matter concentration was found in MDD patients in the bilateral amygdalae, hippocampi, fusiform gyri, lingual gyri, insular gyri, middle-superior temporal gyri, thalami, cingulate gyri, the central lobule of the cerebellum, and the midbrain encompassing the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Nofzinger, 2005 Depressed patients showed larger decreas...... Depressed patients showed larger decreases than healthy subjects in relative metabolism in the fusiform gyrus More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system temporal pole brain morphology and function 2
Beauregard, 2006 there was greater activation in the righ...... there was greater activation in the right anterior temporal pole in depressed individuals More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Fallucca, 2011 The temporal pole was thicker in patient...... The temporal pole was thicker in patients with MDD than in outpatients with OCD (P < .001) or healthy controls (P = .01), In the left hemisphere, the temporal pole was thicker in patients with MDD than in both healthy controls and outpatients with OCD (P < .001). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system superior prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 2
Vasic, 2009 In a prefronto-parietal network, a decre...... In a prefronto-parietal network, a decreased functional connectivity pattern was identified in depressed patients comprising inferior parietal, superior prefrontal and frontopolar regions. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Vasic, 2009 Temporally anti-correlated network, heal...... Temporally anti-correlated network, healthy controls exhibited higher connectivity in the ACC, the ventrolateral and the superior prefrontal cortex compared to MDD patients. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left temporal lobe brain morphology and function 2
Peng, 2011 ReHo (regional homogeneity) in the left ...... ReHo (regional homogeneity) in the left thalamus, left temporal lobe, left cerebellar posterior lobe, and the bilateral occipital lobe was found to be significantly decreased in depression compared to healthy controls in resting state of depression. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Tutus, 1998 We found significant differences between...... We found significant differences between the PI (perfusion index) values of the untreated depressed patients and those of the controls, indicating relatively reduced perfusion in the left anterofrontal and left temporal cortical areas. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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Neural system Inferior frontal gyrus brain morphology and function 2
Dichter, 2009 During sad blocks, the MDD group demonst...... During sad blocks, the MDD group demonstrated greater activation in a number of prefrontal regions, including the mid-, inferior, and orbito-frontal gyri and the anterior cingulate. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Matthews, 2009 A group by trial difficulty interaction ...... A group by trial difficulty interaction on error-related activation in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and left supragenual ACC was observed, suggesting a demand-specific failure of this circuitry in MDD. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right inferior temporal gyrus brain morphology and function 2
Surguladze, 2010 Compared with healthy controls, patients...... Compared with healthy controls, patients with depression demonstrated greater activation in right middle/inferior temporal gyrus to expressions of strong disgust. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Kumari, 2003 Compared with control participants, pati...... Compared with control participants, patients demonstrated increased response in the inferior (right) and middle temporal gyri (left) with negative picture-caption pairs. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right anterior insula brain morphology and function 2
Strigo, 2008 Subjects with MDD compared with healthy ...... Subjects with MDD compared with healthy controls showed increased activation in the right anterior insular region during anticipation of painful relative to nonpainful stimuli. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Strigo, 2010 MDD vs. HC(healthy control) subjects sho...... MDD vs. HC(healthy control) subjects showed lower right anterior insula activity related to anticipatory shifts in stimulus intensity. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Superior frontal gyrus brain morphology and function 2
Richieri, 2011 In comparison to responders, non-respond...... In comparison to responders, non-responders showed significant hypoperfusions (p < 0.001, uncorrected) in the left medial and bilateral superior frontal cortices (BA10). More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Liu, 2010 ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD gro...... ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD group decreased in the left superior frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left thalamus brain morphology and function 2
Peng, 2011 ReHo (regional homogeneity) in the left ...... ReHo (regional homogeneity) in the left thalamus, left temporal lobe, left cerebellar posterior lobe, and the bilateral occipital lobe was found to be significantly decreased in depression compared to healthy controls in resting state of depression. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Dichter, 2012 During the outcome phase of the task, th...... During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively decreased activation in bilateral orbital frontal cortex, right frontal pole, left insular cortex, and left thalamus. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 2
Reivich, 2004 Patients showed significantly larger DV ...... Patients showed significantly larger DV (distribution volume) ratios in the left frontal cortex (P=0.013) and right cingulate cortex (P=0.043) compared to control subjects. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Kieseppa, 2010 Compared with controls, the MDD patients...... Compared with controls, the MDD patients showed a trend for lower values of fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left sagittal stratum, and suggestive decreased FA in the right cingulate cortex and posterior body of corpus callosum. More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
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Neural system left posterior cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 2
Zhu, 2011 Compared with healthy controls, patients...... Compared with healthy controls, patients with MDD showed decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) values in three WM tracts: the left anterior limb of the internal capsule, the right parahippocampal gyrus, and the left posterior cingulate cortex. More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
Lai, 2010 Patients had deficits of gray matter vol...... Patients had deficits of gray matter volumes over left posterior cingulate cortex when compared to controls. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Internal capsule brain morphology and function 2
Zou, 2008 We found a significant decrease in fract...... We found a significant decrease in fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left hemisphere, including the anterior limb of the internal capsule and the inferior parietal portion of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, in patients with MDD compared with healthy controls. Diffusion tensor imaging measures in the left anterior limb of the internal capsule were negatively related to the severity of depressive symptoms. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Zhu, 2011 Compared with healthy controls, patients...... Compared with healthy controls, patients with MDD showed decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) values in three WM tracts: the left anterior limb of the internal capsule, the right parahippocampal gyrus, and the left posterior cingulate cortex. More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
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Neural system right temporal region brain morphology and function 2
Ballmaier, 2004 The late-onset depression group exhibite...... The late-onset depression group exhibited significant gray matter deficits in the right lateral temporal cortex and the right parietal cortex, where decreases were most pronounced in sensorimotor regions. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Fujimoto, 2008 The 3D-SSP score map showed decreased re...... The 3D-SSP score map showed decreased relative metabolism in the temporal region on the right, in patients compared with controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system right frontal cortex brain morphology and function 2
Cook, 2009 Decreases in MRF (midline and right fron...... Decreases in MRF (midline and right frontal cortical area) cordance at 1 week predicted remission with medication with 69% overall accuracy (90% sensitivity; 60% specificity). More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
Abe, 2010 Local areas showing an increase of MD (m...... Local areas showing an increase of MD (mean diffusivity) in depressive patients were observed in the right frontal lobe. More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
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Neural system right medial frontal gyrus brain morphology and function 2
Lai, 2010 Patients had deficits of gray matter vol...... Patients had deficits of gray matter volumes over right medial frontal gyrus when compared to controls. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Monkul, 2012 The severity of depression was inversely...... The severity of depression was inversely correlated with the right medial frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 10) blood flow. More... positron emission tomography (PET); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system frontopolar regions brain morphology and function 2
Elliott, 2012 Participants with remitted depression sh...... Participants with remitted depression showed attenuated frontopolar response relative to controls for positive and negative images depicting social interactions. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Vasic, 2009 In a prefronto-parietal network, a decre...... In a prefronto-parietal network, a decreased functional connectivity pattern was identified in depressed patients comprising inferior parietal, superior prefrontal and frontopolar regions. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Superior longitudinal fasciculus brain morphology and function 2
Matthews, 2011 MDD relative to non-MDD individuals show...... MDD relative to non-MDD individuals showed lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in several white matter tracts including the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Zou, 2008 We found a significant decrease in fract...... We found a significant decrease in fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left hemisphere, including the anterior limb of the internal capsule and the inferior parietal portion of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, in patients with MDD compared with healthy controls. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system anterior insula brain morphology and function 2
Wiebking, 2010 MDD patients showed significantly higher...... MDD patients showed significantly higher scores in the BPQ(Body Perception Questionnaire) and reduced neural activity during rest periods, particularly in the bilateral anterior insula. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Remijnse, 2009 Imaging results showed MDD-specific hype...... Imaging results showed MDD-specific hyperactivity in the anterior insula during punishment processing and in the putamen during reward processing. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right parietal cortex brain morphology and function 2
Stewart, 2011 Past MDD+ women displayed relatively les...... Past MDD+ women displayed relatively less right parietal activity than current MDD+ and MDD- women, replicating prior work. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
Ballmaier, 2004 The late-onset depression group exhibite...... The late-onset depression group exhibited significant gray matter deficits in the right lateral temporal cortex and the right parietal cortex, where decreases were most pronounced in sensorimotor regions. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system right precentral gyrus brain morphology and function 2
Liu, 2010 Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the...... Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the MD group were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls in the white matter of the right precentral gyrus(P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Mitterschiffthaler, 2008 fMRI data showed a significant engagemen...... fMRI data showed a significant engagement of right precuneus during sad words in patients relative to controls. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right superior temporal gyrus brain morphology and function 2
Klumpers, 2010 In MDD, parametric voxel-by-voxel Logan ...... In MDD, parametric voxel-by-voxel Logan plots showed bilateral reduced [(11)C]FMZ binding in the parahippocampal gyrus and right lateral superior temporal gyrus (p uncorrected < or =0.001). The bilateral reduction in limbic parahippocampal and right temporal [(11)C]FMZ binding found in MDD indicates decreased GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor complex affinity and/or number. More... positron emission tomography (PET); dose administration
Abe, 2010 Local areas showing significant gray mat...... Local areas showing significant gray matter volume reduction in depressive patients compared with controls were observed in the right superior temporal gyrus. More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
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Neural system Pons brain morphology and function 2
Rasgon, 2008 Findings include hypermetabolism in the ...... Findings include hypermetabolism in the pons among depressed compared with non-depressed women. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
Abe, 2010 Local areas showing an increase of MD (m...... Local areas showing an increase of MD (mean diffusivity) in depressive patients were observed in the pons More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
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Neural system Visual cortex brain morphology and function 2
Fu, 2007 An attenuated dynamic range of response ...... An attenuated dynamic range of response in extrastriate visual regions was evident in the depressed patients, relative to the comparison subjects. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Davidson, 2003 patients showing greater activation in t...... patients showing greater activation in the visual cortex in response to the negative versus neutral stimuli More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); psychometric method
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Neural system lateral orbital cortex brain morphology and function 2
Elliott, 2012 For negative social images, participants...... For negative social images, participants with remitted depression also showed reduced latero-orbitofrontal response relative to controls. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Drevets, 2002 At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism...... At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism was increased in the left and right lateral orbital cortex/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the unmedicated depressives relative to controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system left middle frontal gyrus brain morphology and function 2
Monkul, 2012 The severity of depression was inversely...... The severity of depression was inversely correlated with the left middle frontal gyri (Brodmann areas 9) blood flow. More... positron emission tomography (PET); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Costafreda, 2009 Of the patients who subsequently achieve...... Of the patients who subsequently achieved clinical remission with antidepressant medication, clinical remission was predicted by greater grey matter density in the left middle frontal gyrus (BA 6). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Hypothalamus brain morphology and function 2
Holsen, 2011 fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal ...... fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal intensity changes in controls versus MDD in hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, OFC, ACC, and subgenual ACC, findings unrelated to medication status. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); blood analysis
Hsu, 2012 Among A-carriers, BOLD signal was smalle...... Among A-carriers, BOLD signal was smaller in MDD (n = 7) compared with controls (n = 50) in the hypothalamus, bilateral amygdala, and left nucleus accumbens. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); genotyping
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Neural system Locus coeruleus brain morphology and function 2
Shibata, 2007 In patients, contrast ratios in the rost...... In patients, contrast ratios in the rostral and middle portions (of the locus ceruleus) were significantly decreased in comparison with controls, More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Karolewicz, 2004 Levels of nNOS immunoreactivity were sig...... Levels of nNOS immunoreactivity were significantly lower in the LC (- 44%, p < 0.05), but not in the cerebellum, when comparing depressed with control subjects. More... postmortem study
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Neural system right cingulate gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Liu, 2010 ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD gro...... ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD group decreased in the right cingulate gyrus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system anterior medial cortical regions brain morphology and function 1
Grimm, 2011 Neuroimaging results in MDD patients sho...... Neuroimaging results in MDD patients showed significantly lower negative BOLD responses (NBRs) in anterior medial cortical regions during judgement of self-relatedness while posterior medial regions showed increased NBRs. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right ventral anterior cingulate gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Yao, 2009 Compared with healthy controls, decrease...... Compared with healthy controls, decreased ReHo (regional homogeneity) were found in depressed patients in the right ventral anterior cingulate gyrus (p<0.005, uncorrected). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left inferior frontal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Cullen, 2009 Seed-based connectivity analysis reveale...... Seed-based connectivity analysis revealed that adolescents with MDD have decreased functional connectivity in a subgenual ACC-based neural network that includes the supragenual ACC (BA 32), the right medial frontal cortex (BA 10), the left inferior (BA 47) and superior frontal cortex (BA 22), superior temporal gyrus (BA 22), and the insular cortex (BA 13). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Ventral pallidum brain morphology and function 1
Murrough, 2011 Within the ventral striatum/ventral pall...... Within the ventral striatum/ventral pallidum region of interest, 5-HT(1B) receptor radioligand [(11)C]P943 BP (ND) was significantly reduced in the MDD group compared with the healthy control group (1.37 +/- 0.13 and 1.68 +/- 0.16, respectively; 18.7% between-group difference; p < 0.001). More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system Pericalcarine gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Fallucca, 2011 In the right hemisphere of the brain, th...... In the right hemisphere of the brain, the pericalcarine gyrus was thinner in patients with MDD than in outpatients with OCD (P = .002) or healthy controls (P = .04), More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system accessory basal area brain morphology and function 1
Hurd, 2002 Individuals with major depression had si...... Individuals with major depression had significantly reduced (41-68%) expression of the prodynorphin mRNA in the accessory basal (both parvicellular and magnocellular divisions; P < 0.01) and amygdalohippocampal area (P < 0.001) as compared to controls. More... in situ hybridization
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Neural system right medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) brain morphology and function 1
Olvera, 2010 MDD subjects showed significantly lower ...... MDD subjects showed significantly lower levels of NAA in the right MPFC and right AC than controls. More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Neural system subcallosal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Smoski, 2011 The MDD group showed lower activation th...... The MDD group showed lower activation than controls when anticipating monetary rewards in subcallosal cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left cingulum brain morphology and function 1
Pfleiderer, 2003 We observed significantly reduced Glx (g...... We observed significantly reduced Glx (glutamate/glutamine) levels in the patients' left cingulum compared to healthy controls. More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Neural system left striatal region brain morphology and function 1
Neumeister, 2006 The neural responses to sad facial expre...... The neural responses to sad facial expressions were increased in the amygdala and decreased in the left ventral striatum in rMDD patients relative to healthy control subjects. More... positron emission tomography (PET); genotyping
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Neural system right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Frodl, 2008 Compared with controls, patients showed ...... Compared with controls, patients showed significantly more decline in gray matter density of the right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system right cuneus brain morphology and function 1
Liu, 2010 ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD gro...... ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD group decreased in the right cuneus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Posterior medial regions brain morphology and function 1
Grimm, 2011 Neuroimaging results in MDD patients sho...... Neuroimaging results in MDD patients showed significantly lower negative BOLD responses (NBRs) in anterior medial cortical regions during judgement of self-relatedness while posterior medial regions showed increased NBRs. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left cerebellum brain morphology and function 1
Liu, 2010 Compared with the control group, subject...... Compared with the control group, subjects with MDD and those at high risk for MDD exhibited significantly decreased ReHo in the right insula and in the left cerebellum. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system superior parietal gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Fallucca, 2011 In the right hemisphere of the brain, th...... In the right hemisphere of the brain, the superior parietal gyrus was thinner in patients with MDD than in outpatients with OCD (P = .008) or healthy controls (P = .03). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Hippocampus-amygdala complex brain morphology and function 1
Hurd, 2002 Individuals with major depression had si...... Individuals with major depression had significantly reduced (41-68%) expression of the prodynorphin mRNA in the accessory basal (both parvicellular and magnocellular divisions; P < 0.01) and amygdalohippocampal area (P < 0.001) as compared to controls. More... in situ hybridization
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Neural system Executive brain regions brain morphology and function 1
Wang, 2008 Patients with MDD revealed attenuated ac...... Patients with MDD revealed attenuated activation overall to targets in executive brain regions. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system parahippocampal region brain morphology and function 1
Abe, 2010 Local areas showing an increase of MD (m...... Local areas showing an increase of MD (mean diffusivity) in depressive patients were observed in the bilateral parahippocampal gyri More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
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Neural system brainstem tegmentum brain morphology and function 1
Soriano-Mas, 2011 Melancholic patients showed gray matter ...... Melancholic patients showed gray matter reductions in the left insula and white matter increases in the upper brainstem tegmentum. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system paracingulate gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Smoski, 2011 The MDD group showed lower activation th...... The MDD group showed lower activation than controls when anticipating pleasant image rewards in paracingulate and supplementary motor cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left postcentral gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Lubar, 2003 In the interhemispheric asymmetry analys...... In the interhemispheric asymmetry analysis, compared with the control group, the depression group exhibited a left-to-right Alpha2 (10-12 Hz) current density dominance in the left postcentral gyrus. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system left anterior parahippocampal gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Alves, 2006 Significant rCBF(regional cerebral blood...... Significant rCBF(regional cerebral blood flow) reductions in MDD-HF(heart failure) patients relative to both non-depressed HF patients and healthy controls were detected in the left anterior parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus (ANOVA, p=0.008 corrected for multiple comparisons) and the right posterior hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus (p=0.005 corrected). More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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Neural system Prefronto-parietal network brain morphology and function 1
Vasic, 2009 In a prefronto-parietal network, a decre...... In a prefronto-parietal network, a decreased functional connectivity pattern was identified in depressed patients comprising inferior parietal, superior prefrontal and frontopolar regions. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right inferior parietal lobule brain morphology and function 1
Liu, 2010 ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD gro...... ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD group decreased in the right inferior parietal lobule (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right anterior hippocampus brain morphology and function 1
Arnold, 2011 During successful encoding of positive w...... During successful encoding of positive words, patients exhibited a larger recruitment of a set of areas, comprising cingulate gyrus, right inferior- and left medial-frontal gyrus as well as the right anterior hippocampus/amygdala. More... cognitive test
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Neural system posterolateral orbitofrontal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Biver, 1997 In depressed patients, [18F]altanserin u...... In depressed patients, [18F]altanserin uptake was significantly reduced in a region of the right hemisphere including the posterolateral orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior insular cortex. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system medial thalamus brain morphology and function 1
Neumeister, 2004 Compared with sham depletion, TD (trypto...... Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was associated with an increase in regional cerebral glucose utilization in the medial thalamus in patients with remitted MDD but not in controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET); dose administration; psychometric method
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Neural system subcortical nuclei brain morphology and function 1
Kohn, 2007 Baseline rCBF (regional cerebral blood f...... Baseline rCBF (regional cerebral blood flow) was lower in depressed patients than in controls in the frontal cortex and subcortical nuclei bilaterally. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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Neural system bilateral temporal gyri brain morphology and function 1
Hosokawa, 2009 Compared with healthy controls, the depr...... Compared with healthy controls, the depressed UP (unipolar mood disorder) patients showed significantly lower glucose metabolism in the bilateral temporal gyri. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system Saggital stratum brain morphology and function 1
Kieseppa, 2010 Compared with controls, the MDD patients...... Compared with controls, the MDD patients showed a trend for lower values of fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left sagittal stratum, and suggestive decreased FA in the right cingulate cortex and posterior body of corpus callosum. More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
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Neural system Supramarginal gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Fallucca, 2011 In the left hemisphere, the supramargina...... In the left hemisphere, the supramarginal gyrus was thinner in both patients with MDD (P = .04) and outpatients with OCD (P = .01) than in healthy controls, More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Retrosplenial region brain morphology and function 1
Kumar, 2008 Patients with MDD had significantly redu...... Patients with MDD had significantly reduced reward-learning signals in retrosplenial cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Paraventricular nucleus brain morphology and function 1
Manaye, 2005 The results revealed a selective, robust...... The results revealed a selective, robust reduction of approximately 50% in total neuron number in the PVN (paraventricular nucleus) for major depression and bipolar cases compared with age-matched controls More... postmortem study
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Neural system Left angular gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Liu, 2010 Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the...... Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the MD group were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls in the white matter of the left angular gyrus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right lateral inferior frontal volumes brain morphology and function 1
van Tol, 2010 we demonstrated reduced right lateral in...... we demonstrated reduced right lateral inferior frontal volumes in MDD More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Motor cortex brain morphology and function 1
Smoski, 2011 The MDD group showed lower activation th...... The MDD group showed lower activation than controls when anticipating pleasant image rewards in supplementary motor cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left cingulate gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Hosokawa, 2009 Compared with healthy controls, the depr...... Compared with healthy controls, the depressed UP (unipolar mood disorder) patients showed significantly lower glucose metabolism in the left cingulate gyrus. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system middle frontal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Scheuerecker, 2010 Depressed patients showed increased acti...... Depressed patients showed increased activity during emotion recognition in the middle frontal cortex. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Raphe nuclei brain morphology and function 1
Lee, 2011 Decreased gray matter concentration was ...... Decreased gray matter concentration was found in MDD patients in the bilateral amygdalae, hippocampi, fusiform gyri, lingual gyri, insular gyri, middle-superior temporal gyri, thalami, cingulate gyri, the central lobule of the cerebellum, and the midbrain encompassing the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system left brain stem brain morphology and function 1
Kumari, 2003 Compared with control participants, pati...... Compared with control participants, patients demonstrated increased response in the brain stem (left) with positive picture-caption pairs. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Cuneus brain morphology and function 1
Kimbrell, 2002 Compared with control subjects, the subg...... Compared with control subjects, the subgroup of patients with Hamilton depression scores of 22 or greater exhibited increased normalized metabolic activity bilaterally in the lingula/cuneus More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system medial temporal regions brain morphology and function 1
MacMaster, 2008 N-acetyl-aspartate was lower in the left...... N-acetyl-aspartate was lower in the left MTC (27%) in MDD patients versus controls. More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Neural system left fusiform gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Liu, 2010 Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the...... Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the MD group were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls in the white matter of the left fusiform gyrus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system subgenual prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 1
van Tol, 2010 patients with onset of depression before...... patients with onset of depression before 18 years of age showed lower volumes of the subgenual prefrontal cortex More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system left nucleus accumbens brain morphology and function 1
Hsu, 2012 Among A-carriers, BOLD signal was smalle...... Among A-carriers, BOLD signal was smaller in MDD (n = 7) compared with controls (n = 50) in the hypothalamus, bilateral amygdala, and left nucleus accumbens. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); genotyping
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Neural system Sub-gyral brain morphology and function 1
Liu, 2010 Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the...... Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the MD group were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls in the white matter of the right sub-gyral (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left cerebellar posterior lobe brain morphology and function 1
Peng, 2011 ReHo (regional homogeneity) in the left ...... ReHo (regional homogeneity) in the left thalamus, left temporal lobe, left cerebellar posterior lobe, and the bilateral occipital lobe was found to be significantly decreased in depression compared to healthy controls in resting state of depression. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Dorsal raphe nucleus brain morphology and function 1
Meltzer, 2004 We used [11C]WAY 100635 and positron emi...... We used [11C]WAY 100635 and positron emission tomography (PET) to test our hypothesis that 5-HT(1A) receptor binding, We observed significantly diminished [11C]WAY 100635 binding in the DRN (dorsal raphe nucleus) in depressed (BP = 2.31+/-0.90) relative to control (BP = 3.69+/-1.56) subjects (p = 0.0016). More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system right occipital gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Hosokawa, 2009 Compared with healthy controls, the depr...... Compared with healthy controls, the depressed UP (unipolar mood disorder) patients showed significantly lower glucose metabolism in the right occipital gyrus. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system Planum temporale brain morphology and function 1
Takahashi, 2010 Both current and remitted MDD patients s...... Both current and remitted MDD patients showed a significant volume reduction of the left PT and bilateral caudal STG as compared with healthy controls. The right PT volume was negatively correlated with total score on the Beck Depression Inventory in the MDD patients as a whole. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system left occipital cortex brain morphology and function 1
Segrave, 2010 MDD participants displayed greater upper...... MDD participants displayed greater upper alpha ERS than controls during the online information maintenance component of WM processing. This was evident over left, but not right, parieto-occipital cortex. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system left dorsal orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) brain morphology and function 1
Shad, 2011 in a contrast involving the selection of...... in a contrast involving the selection of high-risk (low-probability/high-magnitude reward) versus equal-risk (50% chance of reward) options, healthy adolescents showed greater activation than patients in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), whereas participants with depression showed greater activation than healthy subjects in the left dorsal OFC. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left frontal gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Kumari, 2003 Compared with control participants, pati...... Compared with control participants, patients demonstrated increased response in the inferior frontal gyrus (left) with positive picture-caption pairs. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Lingula of cerebellum brain morphology and function 1
Kimbrell, 2002 Compared with control subjects, the subg...... Compared with control subjects, the subgroup of patients with Hamilton depression scores of 22 or greater exhibited increased normalized metabolic activity bilaterally in the lingula/cuneus More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system posterior hippocampus brain morphology and function 1
Neumeister, 2005 Patients showed smaller total and poster...... Patients showed smaller total and posterior hippocampal volume relative to controls. Anterior hippocampal volume did not differ between patients and controls. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system left lingual gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Liu, 2010 ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD gro...... ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD group decreased in the left lingual gyrus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Grey matter brain morphology and function 1
Inkster, 2011 The MDD patients together showed lower G...... The MDD patients together showed lower GM volume than healthy controls in the superior parietal lobe. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system right subgenual anterior cingulate brain morphology and function 1
Costafreda, 2009 Decreased grey matter density in the rig...... Decreased grey matter density in the right subgenual anterior cingulate (BA 25) showed the highest contribution to the diagnosis of depression. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 1
Beauregard, 2006 there was greater activation in the righ...... there was greater activation in the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in depressed individuals More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system dorsomedial thalamus brain morphology and function 1
Grimm, 2009 Neurally, patients with MDD showed signi...... Neurally, patients with MDD showed significantly lower signal intensities in various subcortical and cortical midline regions like the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), supragenual anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, ventral striatum (VS), and the dorsomedial thalamus (DMT). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Ventral capsule brain morphology and function 1
Malone, 2009 Significant improvements in depressive s...... Significant improvements in depressive symptoms were observed during deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral capsule. More... deep brain stimulation (DBS); psychometric method
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Neural system Midline cortical area brain morphology and function 1
Cook, 2009 Decreases in MRF (midline and right fron...... Decreases in MRF (midline and right frontal cortical area) cordance at 1 week predicted remission with medication with 69% overall accuracy (90% sensitivity; 60% specificity). More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Neural system right caudal anterior cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 1
Shad, 2011 in a contrast involving the selection of...... in a contrast involving the selection of high-risk (low-probability/high-magnitude reward) versus equal-risk (50% chance of reward) options, healthy adolescents showed greater activation than patients in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), whereas participants with depression showed greater activation than healthy subjects in the right caudal anterior cingulate cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right prefrontal cortical regions brain morphology and function 1
Kimbrell, 2002 Compared with control subjects, the subg...... Compared with control subjects, the subgroup of patients with Hamilton depression scores of 22 or greater demonstrated decreased absolute rCMRglu in right prefrontal cortex More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system orbito-frontal gyri brain morphology and function 1
Dichter, 2009 During sad blocks, the MDD group demonst...... During sad blocks, the MDD group demonstrated greater activation in a number of prefrontal regions, including the mid-, inferior, and orbito-frontal gyri and the anterior cingulate. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system superior parietal lobe brain morphology and function 1
Inkster, 2011 The MDD patients together showed lower G...... The MDD patients together showed lower GM volume than healthy controls in the superior parietal lobe. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Temporo-parietal-occipital cortex brain morphology and function 1
Pagani, 2004 As compared to normal controls, MDD rCBF...... As compared to normal controls, MDD rCBF (regional cerebral blood flow) was relatively higher in right associative temporo-parietal-occipital cortex ( P<0.01) More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system supragenual anterior cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 1
Grimm, 2009 Neurally, patients with MDD showed signi...... Neurally, patients with MDD showed significantly lower signal intensities in various subcortical and cortical midline regions like the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), supragenual anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, ventral striatum (VS), and the dorsomedial thalamus (DMT). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right thalamus brain morphology and function 1
Monkul, 2012 The severity of depression was directly ...... The severity of depression was directly correlated with the right thalamus blood flow. More... positron emission tomography (PET); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system left middle caudate brain morphology and function 1
Cannon, 2009 The mean D(1) receptor BP(ND) was reduce...... The mean D(1) receptor BP(ND) was reduced (14%) in the left middle caudate of the MDD group relative to control group. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system mesiotemporal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Drevets, 1999 The mean 5HT1A receptor BP was reduced 2...... The mean 5HT1A receptor BP was reduced 26.8% in the mesiotemporal cortex (p < .025) in the depressives relative to the controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system left rostral anterior cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 1
Mitterschiffthaler, 2008 fMRI data showed a significant engagemen...... fMRI data showed a significant engagement of left rostral ACC (BA 32) during sad words in patients relative to controls. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left uncus/parahippocampal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Richieri, 2011 In comparison to responders, non-respond...... In comparison to responders, non-responders showed significant hypoperfusions (p < 0.001, uncorrected) in the left uncus/parahippocampal cortex (BA20/BA35). More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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Neural system posterior subgenual prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Coryell, 2005 Patients with major depressive disorder ...... Patients with major depressive disorder were more likely to show increases in posterior subgenual prefrontal cortex volume on follow-up than were comparison subjects or patients with schizophrenia. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Broca's area brain morphology and function 1
Rasgon, 2008 Findings include hypermetabolism in the ...... Findings include hypermetabolism in the Broca regions among depressed compared with non-depressed women. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system left middle occipital gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Liu, 2010 ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD gro...... ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD group decreased in the left middle occipital gyrus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system dorsal anterolateral prefrontal cortex (DALPFC) brain morphology and function 1
Salvadore, 2011 Relative to the HC(healthy controls) gro...... Relative to the HC(healthy controls) group the dMDD(currently-depressed participants) group had reduced gray matter in the dorsal anterolateral (DALPFC). Relative to the rMDD(currently-remitted) group the dMDD group showed reduced GM in the DALPFC More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Right fronto-insular cortex (RFIC) brain morphology and function 1
Hamilton, 2011 Moreover, our RFIC state-change analysis...... Moreover, our RFIC state-change analysis showed increased RFIC activation in the MDD participants at the onset of increases in TPN (task-positive network) activity; conversely, healthy control participants exhibited increased RFIC response at the onset of increases in DMN (default-mode network) activity. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left lateral prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Davidson, 2003 patients showing less activation in the ...... patients showing less activation in the left lateral prefrontal cortex in response to the negative versus neutral stimuli More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); psychometric method
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Neural system hippocampal body brain morphology and function 1
Malykhin, 2010 Medicated MDD patients showed increased ...... Medicated MDD patients showed increased hippocampal body volume compared with both healthy controls and unmedicated patients More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) brain morphology and function 1
Steiner, 2011 Depressed patients had a significantly i...... Depressed patients had a significantly increased density of QUIN-positive cells in the aMCC (P = 0.015) compared to controls. More... postmortem study
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Neural system Brain volumes brain morphology and function 1
Steingard, 2002 Whole brain volumes were significantly s...... Whole brain volumes were significantly smaller in depressed subjects compared with the healthy comparison subjects. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Diencephalon brain morphology and function 1
Staley, 2006 Depressed patients demonstrated 12% lowe...... Depressed patients demonstrated 12% lower diencephalon [(123)I]beta-CIT uptake. More... single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Pyramis brain morphology and function 1
Liu, 2010 Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the...... Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the MD group were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls in the white matter of the left pyramis (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system superior occipital cortex brain morphology and function 1
Garrett, 2011 The nonpsychotic major depression group ...... The nonpsychotic major depression group showed significantly lower activation than other groups in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and greater activation than the healthy comparison group in the superior occipital cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left dorsolateral cortex brain morphology and function 1
Matsuo, 2007 MDD patients showed significantly greate...... MDD patients showed significantly greater left dorsolateral cortex activation during the n-back task compared to the healthy controls (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Yao, 2009 Compared with healthy controls, decrease...... Compared with healthy controls, decreased ReHo (regional homogeneity) were found in depressed patients in the left dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus (p<0.005, uncorrected). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system inferior prefrontal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Halari, 2009 In all three tasks, adolescents with dep...... In all three tasks, adolescents with depression compared to healthy controls demonstrated reduced activation in task-relevant right dorsolateral (DLPFC), inferior prefrontal cortex (IFC) and anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system uncinate cingulum brain morphology and function 1
Cullen, 2010 10 clusters where adolescents with MDD h...... 10 clusters where adolescents with MDD had significantly lower (uncorrected) FA than the healthy group within WM tracts including right and left uncinate and supragenual cingulum. More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
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Neural system Limbic-cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic (LCSPT) circuit brain morphology and function 1
Terroni, 2011 Larger lesions in the left cortical regi...... Larger lesions in the left cortical regions of the LCSPT circuit (3,760 vs. 660 mm(3); P = 0.004) were associated with higher incidence of MDE More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system Raphe brain morphology and function 1
Drevets, 1999 The mean 5HT1A receptor BP was reduced 4...... The mean 5HT1A receptor BP was reduced 41.5% in the raphe (p < .02) in the depressives relative to the controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system cornu ammonis brain morphology and function 1
Stockmeier, 2004 The density of pyramidal neurons and gli...... The density of pyramidal neurons and glia in all cornv ammonis (CA)/hippocampal subfields is significantly increased by 30%-35% in MDD. More... postmortem study; cytological analysis
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Neural system ventral anterior cingulate brain morphology and function 1
Tang, 2007 Volumes of bilateral ventral anterior ci...... Volumes of bilateral ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) and right amygdala were significantly smaller in the MDD group than in the HC group. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system left superior longitudinal fasciculus brain morphology and function 1
Dalby, 2010 patients displayed a significantly highe...... patients displayed a significantly higher WML(white-matter lesions) density in two white-matter tracts: the left superior longitudinal fasciculus and the right frontal projections of the corpus callosum. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system hippocampal tail brain morphology and function 1
Malykhin, 2010 We found a significant reduction in the ...... We found a significant reduction in the volume of the hippocampal tail bilaterally, right hippocampal head and right total hippocampus in MDD patients. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system right cerebellum brain morphology and function 1
Dichter, 2012 During the anticipation phase of the tas...... During the anticipation phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively greater activation in bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, in right midfrontal gyrus, and in the right cerebellum. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Brain atrophy brain morphology and function 1
Lin, 2005 Relative to control subjects, patients w...... Relative to control subjects, patients with late-life major depressive disorder showed more severe brain atrophy (p = 0.043) and white matter hyperintensities (p = 0.024), especially in the periventricular area (p = 0.012). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system dorsal-frontal areas brain morphology and function 1
Fujimoto, 2008 The 3D-SSP score map showed increased re...... The 3D-SSP score map showed increased relative metabolism in the dorsal-frontal, central convexity areas in both hemispheres in patients compared with controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system left superior temporal gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Liu, 2010 Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the...... Fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the MD group were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls in the white matter of the left superior temporal gyrus(P<0.01). ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD group decreased in the left superior temporal gyrus (P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Ventral tegmental area brain morphology and function 1
Blood, 2010 Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were i...... Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were increased in the right VT(ventral tegmental area) in MDD subjects. More... diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
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Neural system left lentiform nucleus brain morphology and function 1
Yao, 2009 Compared with healthy controls, decrease...... Compared with healthy controls, decreased ReHo (regional homogeneity) were found in depressed patients in the left lentiform nucleus (p<0.005, uncorrected). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right temporal operculum brain morphology and function 1
Zhang, 2009 Compared with healthy participants, pati...... Compared with healthy participants, patients with major depressive disorder showed significantly decreased local gyrification index in the right temporal operculum. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system left orbito-frontal gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Surguladze, 2010 Compared with healthy controls, patients...... Compared with healthy controls, patients with depression demonstrated greater activation left orbito-frontal gyrus to expressions of strong disgust. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Subiculum brain morphology and function 1
Terroni, 2011 Major depressive episode was associated ...... Major depressive episode was associated with larger lesions in areas of the medial prefrontal cortex including the ventral (BA24) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA32) and subgenual cortex (BA25); and also the subiculum (BA28/36) and amygdala (BA34). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system inferior frontal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Mitterschiffthaler, 2003 Patients, compared to controls, showed i...... Patients, compared to controls, showed increased activation in inferior frontal cortex. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Dentate gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Stockmeier, 2004 The density of granule cells and glia in...... The density of granule cells and glia in the dentate gyrus and pyramidal neurons is significantly increased by 30%-35% in MDD. More... postmortem study; cytological analysis
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Neural system left precentral gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Frodl, 2009 Patients showed higher blood oxygen leve...... Patients showed higher blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses to implicit emotional stimuli than healthy controls in the left precentral gyrus. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right frontal projections of the corpus callosum brain morphology and function 1
Dalby, 2010 patients displayed a significantly highe...... patients displayed a significantly higher WML(white-matter lesions) density in two white-matter tracts: the left superior longitudinal fasciculus and the right frontal projections of the corpus callosum. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system right hippocampal head brain morphology and function 1
Malykhin, 2010 We found a significant reduction in the ...... We found a significant reduction in the volume of the hippocampal tail bilaterally, right hippocampal head and right total hippocampus in MDD patients. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system frontal pole brain morphology and function 1
Dichter, 2012 During the outcome phase of the task, th...... During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively decreased activation in bilateral orbital frontal cortex, right frontal pole, left insular cortex, and left thalamus. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system right subgenual cingulate brain morphology and function 1
Kumari, 2003 Compared with control participants, pati...... Compared with control participants, patients demonstrated increased response in the subgenual cingulate (right) with positive picture-caption pairs. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system Ventricular system brain morphology and function 1
Lin, 2005 Relative to control subjects, patients w...... Relative to control subjects, patients with late-life major depressive disorder showed more severe brain atrophy (p = 0.043) and white matter hyperintensities (p = 0.024), especially in the periventricular area (p = 0.012). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system occipital pole brain morphology and function 1
Fujimoto, 2008 The 3D-SSP score map showed increased re...... The 3D-SSP score map showed increased relative metabolism in the occipital pole in both hemispheres in patients compared with controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system Paracentral lobule brain morphology and function 1
Liu, 2010 ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD gro...... ReHo(regional homogeneity) in the MD group decreased in the left paracentral lobule, right paracentral lobule(P<0.01). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left mesial temporal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Rosa-Neto, 2004 Compared with age- and sex-matched contr...... Compared with age- and sex-matched controls, normalized K*(an index of serotonin synthesis) was significantly decreased bilaterally in female patients with MD in the anterior cingulate cortex, in the left anterior cingulate cortex in male patients with MD, and in the left mesial temporal cortex in male and female patients with MD (P<.001 for all). More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system posterior thalamus brain morphology and function 1
Kennedy, 2006 Comparisons between patients with MDD an...... Comparisons between patients with MDD and controls showed significantly lower neutral-state mu-opioid receptor BP in patients with MDD in the posterior thalamus More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system right posterior cingulate gyrus brain morphology and function 1
Yao, 2009 Compared with healthy controls, decrease...... Compared with healthy controls, decreased ReHo (regional homogeneity) were found in depressed patients in the right posterior cingulate gyrus (p<0.005, uncorrected). More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left supragenual anterior cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 1
Matthews, 2009 A group by trial difficulty interaction ...... A group by trial difficulty interaction on error-related activation in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and left supragenual ACC was observed, suggesting a demand-specific failure of this circuitry in MDD. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Neural system left orbitofrontal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Ottowitz, 2010 Brain function evaluated across all thre...... Brain function evaluated across all three conditions showed that patients with major depressive disorder revealed activation of the left orbitofrontal cortex. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system ventral cingulate cortex brain morphology and function 1
Terroni, 2011 Major depressive episode was associated ...... Major depressive episode was associated with larger lesions in areas of the medial prefrontal cortex including the ventral (BA24) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA32) and subgenual cortex (BA25); and also the subiculum (BA28/36) and amygdala (BA34). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system cortico-limbic/paralimbic regions brain morphology and function 1
Paquette, 2009 After treatment, only participants who s...... After treatment, only participants who successfully normalized EEG activity in cortico-limbic/paralimbic regions could be considered in clinical remission. More... electroencephalogram (EEG); low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA)
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Neural system frontolimbic circuit brain morphology and function 1
van Eijndhoven, 2011 Patients with a first episode of MDD sho...... Patients with a first episode of MDD showed increased activity related to episodic memory formation in a fronto-limbic network. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Neural system lateral temporal regions brain morphology and function 1
Kumar, 2011 When compared with controls, [(18)F]FDDN...... When compared with controls, [(18)F]FDDNP binding was significantly higher overall and in the lateral temporal regions in the MDD group. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system posterior temporal cortex brain morphology and function 1
Dunn, 2005 Unipolars had significantly fewer positi...... Unipolars had significantly fewer positive regional correlation coefficients than healthy controls and bipolars. These were significantly different from controls in orbital cortex, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and posterior temporal cortex More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Neural system Cerebellar vermis brain morphology and function 1
Fujimoto, 2008 The 3D-SSP score map showed increased re...... The 3D-SSP score map showed increased relative metabolism in the vermis in both hemispheres in patients compared with controls. More... positron emission tomography (PET)
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Cognition and behavior Cognitive processing bias cognition and behavior 14
Lim, 2005 On the Stroop task, depressive patients ...... On the Stroop task, depressive patients showed supraliminal interferences for negative words. More... cognitive test
Lim, 2005 On the explicit memory task, depressive ...... On the explicit memory task, depressive and panic patients showed memory biases for negative words. More... cognitive test
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Cognition and behavior Attention cognition and behavior 8
Leung, 2009 The enhanced facilitation of attention t...... The enhanced facilitation of attention to stimuli in the positive-priming task by the negative valence was only found in the depressed patients, not in the healthy controls. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Wilkinson, 2006 Compared to controls, depressed particip...... Compared to controls, depressed participants were significantly slower at switching attention. More... cognitive test
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Cognition and behavior Memory cognition and behavior 6
Ellwart, 2003 Results showed that depressed and contro...... Results showed that depressed and controls differed in explicit memory performance, depending on the amount of cognitive distraction between incidental learning and testing. More... cognitive test
Shestyuk, 2010 Healthy comparison subjects and subjects...... Healthy comparison subjects and subjects with remitted, but not current, major depression demonstrated enhanced recall of positive self-referent items. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Cognition and behavior Executive functions cognition and behavior 5
Michopoulos, 2008 The MDD patients performed worse than co...... The MDD patients performed worse than controls on PAL(paired associative learning) and both executive tasks (intradimensional/extradimensional set-shifting, ID/ED; Stockings of Cambridge, SOC). More... neuropsychological test; salivary analysis; blood analysis
Mantella, 2007 Depressed subjects also performed worse ...... Depressed subjects also performed worse than normal comparison subjects on delayed memory, as well as in naming. More... psychometric method; neuropsychological test
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Cognition and behavior Reaction time cognition and behavior 4
Iakimova, 2009 Patients exhibited slower reaction times...... Patients exhibited slower reaction times in semantic judgment More... event-related potential (ERP)
Mahlberg, 2001 Depressive patients had a significantly ...... Depressive patients had a significantly longer reaction time. More... eye-tracking method
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Cognition and behavior Working memory cognition and behavior 4
Pu, 2011 MDD patients showed a smaller increase i...... MDD patients showed a smaller increase in lateral prefrontal and superior temporal cortex activation during the 2-back task and associated poorer task performance than healthy controls. More... spectrophotometric analysis
Pelosi, 2000 Patients made more mistakes than control...... Patients made more mistakes than controls as the memory load was increased from one to 5 digits and had significantly slower reaction times at all levels of memory load. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Cognition and behavior Priming effects cognition and behavior 2
Bradley, 1995 The depressed group showed greater supra...... The depressed group showed greater suprathreshold priming effects for depression words than the other two groups (clinically anxious and normal control). More... cognitive test
Bradley, 1995 The depressed group showed greater subth...... The depressed group showed greater subthreshold priming effects for depression words than the other two groups (clinically anxious and normal control). More... cognitive test
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Cognition and behavior Verbal memory cognition and behavior 2
Kaymak, 2010 Patients were found to have significantl...... Patients were found to have significantly lower scores on measures of attention, working memory, psychomotor speed, executive functions, and visual and verbal memory fields. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); neuropsychological test
Rapoport, 2005 Subjects with major depression, compared...... Subjects with major depression, compared to those without, were found to have significantly lower scores on measures of verbal memory More... cognitive test
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Cognition and behavior Emotion cognition and behavior 2
Sterzer, 2011 We found a significant difference in the...... We found a significant difference in the emotional modulation of suppression time between MDD patients and controls. More... cognitive test
Beauregard, 2006 The degree of difficulty experienced dur...... The degree of difficulty experienced during down-regulation of sadness was higher in depressed individuals. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Cognition and behavior Reward processing cognition and behavior 2
Knutson, 2008 Depressed participants also showed reduc...... Depressed participants also showed reduced discrimination of gain versus nongain outcomes. More... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Pizzagalli, 2008 Compared to controls, MDD subjects showe...... Compared to controls, MDD subjects showed significantly reduced reward responsiveness. More... cognitive test
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Cognition and behavior Episodic memory cognition and behavior 1
Rapp, 2005 patients with recurrent major depressive...... patients with recurrent major depressive disorder exhibited deficits in episodic memory More... neuropsychological test
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Cognition and behavior Accuracy for reaction cognition and behavior 1
Iakimova, 2009 Patients were less accurate in semantic ...... Patients were less accurate in semantic judgment in comparison to healthy participants. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Cognition and behavior Psychomotor performance cognition and behavior 1
Kaymak, 2010 Patients were found to have significantl...... Patients were found to have significantly lower scores on measures of attention, working memory, psychomotor speed, executive functions, and visual and verbal memory fields. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); neuropsychological test
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Cognition and behavior Visual memory cognition and behavior 1
Kaymak, 2010 Patients were found to have significantl...... Patients were found to have significantly lower scores on measures of attention, working memory, psychomotor speed, executive functions, and visual and verbal memory fields. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); neuropsychological test
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Cognition and behavior Cognitive control cognition and behavior 1
Holmes, 2008 Compared to healthy controls, MDD subjec...... Compared to healthy controls, MDD subjects showed larger Stroop interference effects. More... event-related potential (ERP)
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Symptoms and signs Sleep disturbances symptoms 1
Forbes, 2008 The MDD group exhibited less time awake ...... The MDD group exhibited less time awake than the control group and less stage 1 sleep than the anxiety or control group. More... electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Symptoms and signs Blood pressure (BP) signs 4
Arslan, 2008 Mean SBP(systolic blood pressures) and D...... Mean SBP(systolic blood pressures) and DBP(diastolic blood pressures) were higher in MD group (120/72 vs. 109/65 mmHg; p < or = 0.001). More... spectrophotometric analysis
Salomon, 2009 Depressed participants exhibited signifi...... Depressed participants exhibited significantly less systolic blood pressure during speech than controls. More... cognitive test
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Symptoms and signs Heart rate (HR) signs 4
Gotthardt, 1995 Basal hypercortisolemia and, at baseline...... Basal hypercortisolemia and, at baseline, heart rates were higher in depressed patients. More... cognitive test
Davydov, 2007 The patients showed higher general sympa...... The patients showed higher general sympathetic activity (high levels of blood pressure, low-frequency heart rate variability) and lower parasympathetic-related activity (high heart rate and reduced high frequency heart rate variability) More... clinical test
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Symptoms and signs Vasoconstrictor response signs 1
Cotter, 2002 Depressed subjects demonstrated a signif...... Depressed subjects demonstrated a significantly reduced vasoconstrictor response compared to controls (P=0.0001). More... clinical test
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Symptoms and signs Vasomotor reactivity signs 1
Matsuo, 2005 Vasomotor reactivity to CO(2) inhalation...... Vasomotor reactivity to CO(2) inhalation was significantly lower in the patients than in the controls. More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); spectrophotometric analysis
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Symptoms and signs Carotid artery intima-medium thickness signs 1
Chen, 2006 The carotid IMT (intima-medium thickness...... The carotid IMT (intima-medium thickness) was higher in the patient group vs the control group (1.26 +/- 0.30 vs 1.00 +/- 0.20 mm; t = 2.40, p < 0.03). More... magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Symptoms and signs Blood viscosity signs 1
Wong, 2008 Subjects with mild to moderate MDD had s...... Subjects with mild to moderate MDD had significantly increased hemorheologic measures of stress-hemoconcentration and blood viscosity when compared to controls; these measures were correlated with depression severity. More... blood analysis
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Symptoms and signs Stress-hemoconcentration signs 1
Wong, 2008 Subjects with mild to moderate MDD had s...... Subjects with mild to moderate MDD had significantly increased hemorheologic measures of stress-hemoconcentration and blood viscosity when compared to controls; these measures were correlated with depression severity. More... blood analysis
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Symptoms and signs QT interval signs 1
Arslan, 2008 In MD patients, QT and QTc intervals wer...... In MD patients, QT and QTc intervals were significantly longer compared to the health women (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). More... spectrophotometric analysis
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Symptoms and signs Cardiac output reactivity signs 1
Salomon, 2009 Depressed participants exhibited signifi...... Depressed participants exhibited significantly less cardiac output reactivity during speech than controls. More... cognitive test
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Symptoms and signs Cortisol awakening response signs 1
Vreeburg, 2009 Both the remitted and current MDD groups...... Both the remitted and current MDD groups showed a significantly higher cortisol awakening response compared with control subjects (effect size [Cohen d] range, 0.15-0.25). More... dose administration; salivary analysis
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Symptoms and signs Retinal contrast gain signs 1
Bubl, 2010 Unmedicated and medicated depressed pati...... Unmedicated and medicated depressed patients displayed dramatically lower retinal contrast gain. We found a strong and significant correlation between contrast gain and severity of depression. More... pattern electroretinogram (PERG)
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Symptoms and signs plasma NO(x) levels signs 1
Zhuo, 2011 Plasma NO(x) levels decreased, in patien...... Plasma NO(x) levels decreased, in patients with a major depressive episode compared with those in healthy controls. More... blood analysis
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