Study Report

Reference

Citation	Ditzen C, 2012 PubMed
Full Info	Ditzen C, Tang N, Jastorff AM, Teplytska L, Yassouridis A, Maccarrone G et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for major depression confirm relevance of associated pathophysiology. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37(4): 1013-1025.

Study

Hypothesis or Background	Individual characteristics of pathophysiology and course of depressive episodes are at present not considered in diagnostics. There are no biological markers available that can assist in categorizing subtypes of depression and detecting molecular variances related to disease-causing mechanisms between depressed patients. Identification of such differences is important to create patient subgroups, which will benefit from medications that specifically target the pathophysiology underlying their clinical condition.
Sample Information	depressed vs control persons
Method Detail	To detect characteristic biological markers for major depression, we analyzed the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome of depressed vs control persons, using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry peptide profiling. Proteins of interest were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization TOF mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Validation of protein markers was performed by immunoblotting.
Method Keywords	two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE); spectrophotometric analysis; immunoblotting
Result	We found 11 proteins and 144 peptide features that differed significantly between CSF from depressed patients and controls. In addition, we detected differences in the phosphorylation pattern of several CSF proteins. A subset of the differentially expressed proteins implicated in brain metabolism or central nervous system disease was validated by immunoblotting. The identified proteins are involved in neuroprotection and neuronal development, sleep regulation, and amyloid plaque deposition in the aging brain.
Conclusions	This is one of the first hypothesis-free studies that identify characteristic protein expression differences in CSF of depressed patients. Proteomic approaches represent a powerful tool for the identification of disease markers for subgroups of patients with major depression.

Relationships reported by Ditzen C, 2012

Component A Approved Name (Name in Paper)	Component A Type	Component B Approved Name (Name in Paper)	Component B Type	Relationship Description	Result Category (Positive/Negative))
MDD	syndrome	Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 (Beta-2-glycoprotein 1)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Vitamin D-binding protein (Vitamin D-binding protein)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Transthyretin (Transthyretin)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein (Heat-shock cognate 71-kDa protein)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Apolipoprotein E (Apolipoprotein E)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Hemopexin (Hemopexin)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Cystatin-C (Cystatin-C)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase (Prostaglandin-D2 synthase)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Alpha-1B-glycoprotein (Alpha-1B-glycoprotein)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H (Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Pigment epithelium-derived factor (Pigment epithelium-derived factor)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Vitronectin (Vitronectin)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] (Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn])	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Secretogranin-1 (Secretogranin-1)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Prothrombin (Prothrombin)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Neurofilament heavy polypeptide (Neurofilament heavy polypeptide)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Homeobox protein Hox-D12 (Homeobox protein Hox-D12)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Histidine-rich glycoprotein (Histidine-rich glycoprotein)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Beta-Ala-His dipeptidase (Glutamate carboxypeptidase-like protein 2)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Plasma protease C1 inhibitor (Plasma protease C1 inhibitor)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Peroxisomal targeting signal 1 receptor (Peroxisomal targeting signal 1 receptor)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Neuronal cell adhesion molecule (Neuronal cell adhesion molecule)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	CD44 antigen (CD44 antigen)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Clusterin (Clusterin)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Apolipoprotein D (Apolipoprotein D)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Beta-2-microglobulin (Beta-2-microglobulin)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Epididymal secretory protein E1 (Epididymal secretory protein E1)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Gelsolin (Gelsolin)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Collagen alpha-1(VI) chain (Collagen alpha-1 (VI) chain)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Complement C3 (Complement C3)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 (Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Alpha-2-macroglobulin (Alpha-2-macroglobulin)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C (Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha (cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit a)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Apolipoprotein A-I (Apolipoprotein A-I)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Apolipoprotein A-II (Apolipoprotein A-II)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Amyloid beta A4 protein (Amyloid beta A4 protein)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive
MDD	syndrome	Angiotensinogen (Angiotensinogen)	protein	Regulated Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Depressed Patients	Positive