Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	Thalamus
Brain Morphology	The thalamus is the largest structure in the diencephalon, the part of the brain situated between the midbrain and forebrain. Anatomically, the thalamus is perched on top of the brainstem, near the center of the brain, in a position to send nerve fibers out to the cerebral cortex in all directions.
Brain Function	Its function includes relaying sensation, spatial sense, and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
Picture	From Wiki.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	23(23/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
thalamus	Mitterschiffthaler, 2003	patients and normal controls		Patients, compared to controls, showed increased activation ...... Patients, compared to controls, showed increased activation in thalamus. More...
thalamus	Costafreda, 2009	patients and normal controls		Decreased grey matter density in the thalamus showed the hig...... Decreased grey matter density in the thalamus showed the highest contribution to the diagnosis of depression. More...
thalamus	Alexopoulos, 2009	patients only		Depressed elders (N=27) had lower FA (fractional anisotropy)...... Depressed elders (N=27) had lower FA (fractional anisotropy) than controls (N=27) in several frontolimbic areas, including the thalamus More...
thalamus	Saxena, 2001	patients and normal controls		Thalamic metabolism was significantly elevated in OCD alone ...... Thalamic metabolism was significantly elevated in OCD alone and in MDD alone. More...
thalamus	Ichimiya, 2002	patients and normal controls		Subgroup comparison showed that MDD patients had significant...... Subgroup comparison showed that MDD patients had significantly higher binding potential in the thalamus compared to control subjects. Functional abnormality in the thalamus may be involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. More...
thalamus	Saxena, 2003	patients only	partial r=0.34	improvement of major depressive disorder symptoms was signif...... improvement of major depressive disorder symptoms was significantly correlated with lower pretreatment (glucose) metabolism in the thalamus (partial r=0.34) More...
thalamus	Holthoff, 2004	patients only		There were significant decreases in metabolism upon remissio...... There were significant decreases in metabolism upon remission with respect to the baseline scan in left prefrontal, anterior temporal and anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral thalamus (SPM analysis) and bilateral putamen and cerebellum (SPM and ROI analyses). More...
thalamic structures	Milak, 2005	patients only		Total HDRS(Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) score correlate...... Total HDRS(Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) score correlated positively with activity in a large bilateral ventral cortical and subcortical region that included limbic, thalamic, and basal ganglia structures. More...
thalamus	Greicius, 2007	patients and normal controls		Resting-state subgenual cingulate and thalamic functional co...... Resting-state subgenual cingulate and thalamic functional connectivity with the default-mode network were significantly greater in the depressed subjects. More...
thalamus	Cannon, 2007	patients and normal controls	increased 5-HTT BP in the thalamus (24%)	Relative to the healthy group both MDD and BD groups showed ...... Relative to the healthy group both MDD and BD groups showed significantly increased 5-HTT BP in the thalamus (24%, 14%, respectively) More...
thalamus	Johnstone, 2007	patients and normal controls		Pupil dilation data suggest that those depressed patients wh...... Pupil dilation data suggest that those depressed patients who expend more effort to reappraise negative stimuli are characterized by accentuated activation in the thalamus, whereas nondepressed individuals exhibit the opposite pattern. More...
thalamus	Vasic, 2008	patients and normal controls		Patients with depression showed reduced gray matter volume (...... Patients with depression showed reduced gray matter volume (GMV) was found in the thalamus. More...
adhesio interthalamica	Takahashi, 2009	patients and normal controls		The currently depressed patients had a significantly shorter...... The currently depressed patients had a significantly shorter AI (interthalamica) compared with controls More...
thalamus	Selvaraj, 2011	patients and normal controls		The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT binding in several ...... The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT binding in several brain regions including thalamus More...
thalamus	Deschwanden, 2011	patients and normal controls		The PET study revealed lower levels of regional mGluR5 bindi...... The PET study revealed lower levels of regional mGluR5 binding in the prefrontal cortex, the cingulate cortex, the insula, the thalamus, and the hippocampus in the depression group relative to the comparison group. More...
thalami	Lee, 2011	patients and normal controls		Decreased gray matter concentration was found in MDD patient...... Decreased gray matter concentration was found in MDD patients in the bilateral amygdalae, hippocampi, fusiform gyri, lingual gyri, insular gyri, middle-superior temporal gyri, thalami, cingulate gyri, the central lobule of the cerebellum, and the midbrain encompassing the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) More...
thalamus	Richieri, 2011	patients only	uncorrected P-value < 0.001	In comparison to responders, non-responders showed significa...... In comparison to responders, non-responders showed significant hypoperfusions (p < 0.001, uncorrected) in the right thalamus. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
thalamus		CNR1(cannabinoid receptor 1 gene (CNR1))	gene	Domschke, 2008	patients only		CNR1 rs1049353 G allele carriers also demonstrated weaker bi...... CNR1 rs1049353 G allele carriers also demonstrated weaker bilateral amygdala, putamen and pallidum activity as well as left lateralized caudate and thalamus activity in response to masked happy faces. More...
thalamus		HTR2A(HTR2A)	gene	Laje, 2010	patients and normal controls		Genetic variation in HTR2A that was previously associated wi...... Genetic variation in HTR2A that was previously associated with citalopram treatment outcome was also associated with thalamic 5-HTT binding. More...
thalamus		Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(serotonin transporter (5-HTT))	protein	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.01	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). More...
thalamus		Mu-type opioid receptor(mu-opioid receptor)	protein	Kennedy, 2006	patients and normal controls		Comparisons between patients with MDD and controls showed si...... Comparisons between patients with MDD and controls showed significantly lower neutral-state mu-opioid receptor BP in patients with MDD in the posterior thalamus, correlating with corticotropin and cortisol plasma levels. Larger reductions in mu-opioid system BP during sadness were obtained in patients with MDD in the anterior insular cortex, anterior and posterior thalamus, ventral basal ganglia, amygdala, and periamygdalar cortex. More...
thalamus		Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A(monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A))	protein	Meyer, 2006	patients and normal controls		The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly sign...... The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly significantly elevated in thalamus. More...
thalamus		Glucose(glucose)	molecule	Saxena, 2003	patients only		improvement of major depressive disorder symptoms was signif...... improvement of major depressive disorder symptoms was significantly correlated with lower pretreatment (glucose) metabolism in the thalamus (partial r=0.34) More...
thalamus		Glutamatergic system(glutamatergic system)	neurobiological system	Saxena, 2001	patients and normal controls		Thalamic metabolism was significantly elevated in OCD alone ...... Thalamic metabolism was significantly elevated in OCD alone and in MDD alone. More...
thalamus		Attribution and attitude(negativistic dysfunctional attitudes)	cognition and behavior	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). The magnitude of regional 5-HTT BP can provide a vulnerability to low levels of extracellular serotonin and symptoms of extremely negativistic dysfunctional attitudes. More...
thalamus		Attention(impaired attention)	cognition and behavior	Li, 2010	patients and normal controls		Impaired acoustic and visual attention associated with GMV(g...... Impaired acoustic and visual attention associated with GMV(gray matter volume) differences in several cortical regions, thalamus and amygdala/parahippocampal gyrus. More...
thalamus		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Milak, 2005	patients only		Psychic depression correlated positively with metabolism in ...... Psychic depression correlated positively with metabolism in the cingulate gyrus, thalamus, and basal ganglia. More...
thalamus		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Cannon, 2007	patients and normal controls		Depression-severity correlated negatively with 5-HTT BP in t...... Depression-severity correlated negatively with 5-HTT BP in the thalamus in MDD-subjects. More...
adhesio interthalamica		Increased agitation(anxiety)	symptoms	Takahashi, 2009	patients and normal controls		the patients with co-morbid anxiety disorders tended to have...... the patients with co-morbid anxiety disorders tended to have a shorter AI (interthalamica) compared with those without More...
adhesio interthalamica		Anhedonia(loss of interest)	symptoms	Takahashi, 2009	patients and normal controls		The AI (interthalamica) length in the overall patient group ...... The AI (interthalamica) length in the overall patient group was negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms of loss of interest at the time of scanning. More...

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Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.

Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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