Symptoms Report

Name	Anhedonia
Description	In psychology and psychiatry, anhedonia is defined as the inability to experience pleasure from activities formerly found enjoyable, e.g. hobbies, exercise, social interaction or sexual activity. As a clinical symptom in depression, anhedonia rates highly in making a diagnosis of this disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) describes a "lack of interest or pleasure" but these can be hard to tell apart given that people become less interested in things which do not give them pleasure. The DSM criterion of weight loss is probably related to it and many depressed people with this symptom describe a lack of enjoyment of food. People suffering from anhedonia in association with depression generally feel good in the morning and unhappy in the evenings and can portray any of the non-psychotic symptoms and signs of depression.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	34 (34/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
anhedonia	Luby, 2003	normal people		Anhedonia appeared to be a specific symptom and sadness/irri...... Anhedonia appeared to be a specific symptom and sadness/irritability appeared to be a sensitive symptom of preschool MDD. More...
anhedonic symptoms	Joiner, 2003	patients only		patients with major depression scored significantly higher o...... patients with major depression scored significantly higher on the anhedonic symptoms scale of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) than did patients with schizophrenia More...
anhedonia	Lampe, 2004	patients and normal controls		Significantly higher levels of apathy, anhedonia and psychom...... Significantly higher levels of apathy, anhedonia and psychomotor retardation, and worse performance on tests of executive function were found in the patient group compared with the healthy controls. More...
loss of pleasure	Serretti, 2004	patients only		The most frequently represented depressive symptoms in MDD w...... The most frequently represented depressive symptoms in MDD were Loss of energy/tiredness, Loss of pleasure, Poor concentration, and Sleep disorders. More...
anhedonia	Wilcox, 2004	patients and normal controls		The earliest and most frequently occurring forerunners of ad...... The earliest and most frequently occurring forerunners of adult-onset MDD were persistent depressed mood, anhedonia, feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of death or suicide, with persistent anhedonia and worthlessness having a special prognostic value. More...
anhedonia	Rapp, 2005	patients only		The rates of anhedonia and comorbid cardiovascular illness w...... The rates of anhedonia and comorbid cardiovascular illness were higher in patients with late-onset geriatric major depressive disorder. More...
diminished interest in play and activities	Krishnakumar, 2006	patients only		Children with depressive disorder had significantly more fam...... Children with depressive disorder had significantly more family members affected with mental illnesses. The clinical features included diminished interest in play and activities, excessive tiredness, low self- esteem, problems with concentration, multiple somatic complaints, behavior symptoms like anger and aggression, recent deterioration in school performance and suicidal behavior. More...
anhedonia	Fu, 2008	patients only	72.40%	The most common depressive symptoms were: anhedonia (72.4%),...... The most common depressive symptoms were: anhedonia (72.4%), depressed mood (72.4%), decreased concentration (62.1%), and irritability (58.6%). More...
anhedonia	Hurley, 2008	patients and normal controls		Three symptoms were useful in differentiating depressed pati...... Three symptoms were useful in differentiating depressed patients from all other groups: sad mood, crying, and anhedonia. More...
diminished interest/pleasure	Mitchell, 2009	patients only		The prevalence of depression in our sample was 54.4%. In thi...... The prevalence of depression in our sample was 54.4%. In this high prevalence setting the optimum specific symptoms for ruling in MDD were psychomotor retardation, diminished interest/pleasure and indecisiveness. The most clinically valuable rule-out items were depressed mood, diminished interest/pleasure and poor concentration. More...
loss of libido	Taylor, 2010	patients only	P-value < .05	Decreased agitation, increased psychological anxiety, increa...... Decreased agitation, increased psychological anxiety, increased loss of appetite, increased loss of libido, and increased hypochondriasis were all risk factors for relapse and recurrence over a 2-year follow-up (all p<.05), after stratifying on number of previous episodes and controlling for age at onset and whether A-CT responders received continuation phase CT instead of assessment only control. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
anhedonia		KCNK2(TREK1)	gene	Dillon, 2010	normal people		TREK1 genetic variations did not affect basal ganglia volume...... TREK1 genetic variations did not affect basal ganglia volume, and fMRI group differences were confirmed when accounting for self-report measures of anhedonia. More...
anhedonia		D(2) dopamine receptor(dopamine D2 receptor)	protein	Laruelle, 1995	normal people		The d-amphetamine injection induced a 15% +/- 4% (mean +/- s...... The d-amphetamine injection induced a 15% +/- 4% (mean +/- s.d.) decrease in D2 receptor availability. The d-amphetamine injection induced marked increase in euphoria scores. The intensity of these behavioral responses correlated with the decrease in D2 availability measured with SPECT. More...
anhedonia		Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase)	protein	Gabbay V, 2012	patients and normal controls	r = 0.42, P-value = 0.05	IDO activity and anhedonia scores were positively correlated...... IDO activity and anhedonia scores were positively correlated in the group psychotropic medication-free adolescents with MDD (r = 0.42, P = 0.05) and in a combined group of MDD subjects and healthy controls (including medicated patients: r = 0.30, P = 0.02; excluding medicated patients: r = 0.44, P = 0.004). More...
anhedonia		Glucose(glucose)	molecule	Pizzagalli, 2004	patients and normal controls		Melancholia--a subtype of depression characterized by anhedo...... Melancholia--a subtype of depression characterized by anhedonia-- was associated with reduced activity in the subgenual PFC, manifested by decreased glucose metabolism. More...
anhedonia		Glutamates(glutamate)	molecule	Walter, 2009	patients and normal controls		Glutamate and N-acetylaspartate concentrations correlate wit...... Glutamate and N-acetylaspartate concentrations correlate with emotional intensity ratings, an anhedonia surrogate, in those with MDD but not in healthy subjects More...
anhedonia		Glutamine(glutamine)	molecule	Walter, 2009	patients and normal controls		Patients with highly anhedonic MDD show decreased glutamine ...... Patients with highly anhedonic MDD show decreased glutamine concentrations. More...
anhedonia		N-acetylaspartate(N-acetylaspartate)	molecule	Walter, 2009	patients and normal controls		Glutamate and N-acetylaspartate concentrations correlate wit...... Glutamate and N-acetylaspartate concentrations correlate with emotional intensity ratings, an anhedonia surrogate, in those with MDD but not in healthy subjects More...
anhedonia		gamma-Aminobutyric Acid(gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA))	molecule	Gabbay, 2012	patients and normal controls	t = 4.08; P-value < 0.001; P-value(Tukey) <0 .001	When subjects with MDD were categorized based on the presenc...... When subjects with MDD were categorized based on the presence of anhedonia, only anhedonic patients had decreased GABA/w levels compared with control subjects (t = 4.08; P < .001; P(Tukey) < .001). More...
anhedonia		synaptic transmission, dopaminergic(catecholaminergic neurotransmission)	pathway	Hasler, 2008	patients and normal controls		Anhedonic symptoms increased during catecholamine depletion ...... Anhedonic symptoms increased during catecholamine depletion to a greater extent in MDD subjects than in controls. More...
anhedonia		Delta wave(delta activity (1.5-6.0 Hz))	neurobiological system	Pizzagalli, 2004	patients and normal controls		Melancholia--a subtype of depression characterized by anhedo...... Melancholia--a subtype of depression characterized by anhedonia-- was associated with reduced activity in the subgenual PFC, manifested by increased inhibitory delta activity (1.5-6.0 Hz). More...
anhedonia		Dopaminergic system(dopaminergic system)	neurobiological system	Busto, 2009	patients and normal controls	P-value < 0.05; P-value < 0.055	Depressed subjects reported significant increase of positive...... Depressed subjects reported significant increase of positive mood after d-amphetamine administration compared with controls (depressed smokers vs. control smokers: P < 0.05; depressed non-smokers vs. controls: P < 0.055). More...
anhedonia		Delta wave(delta current density)	neurobiological system	Wacker, 2009	normal people		Anhedonia was correlated with increased resting delta curren...... Anhedonia was correlated with increased resting delta current density (i.e., decreased resting activity) in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). More...
anhedonia		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate)	brain morphology and function	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with higher normalized metabolism in anterior cingulate. More...
anhedonia		Caudate nucleus(caudate)	brain morphology and function	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in anteroventral caudate. More...
anhedonia		Claustrum(claustrum)	brain morphology and function	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in claustrum. More...
anhedonia		Insula(insula)	brain morphology and function	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in right insula. More...
anhedonia		Putamen(putamen)	brain morphology and function	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in anteroventral putamen. More...
anhedonia		Temporo-parietal connection(temporal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in temporal cortex, More...
anhedonia		subgenual prefrontal cortex(subgenual PFC)	brain morphology and function	Pizzagalli, 2004	patients and normal controls		Melancholia--a subtype of depression characterized by anhedo...... Melancholia--a subtype of depression characterized by anhedonia-- was associated with reduced activity in the subgenual PFC (Brodmann area 25). More...
anhedonia		Caudate nucleus(caudate)	brain morphology and function	Harvey, 2007	normal people		Trait anhedonia was inversely related to anterior caudate vo...... Trait anhedonia was inversely related to anterior caudate volume during the processing of positive information. More...
anhedonia		ventromedial prefrontal cortex(ventromedial prefrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Harvey, 2007	normal people		Trait anhedonia was positively related to ventromedial prefr...... Trait anhedonia was positively related to ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity during the processing of positive information. More...
anhedonia		Caudate nucleus(caudate)	brain morphology and function	Pizzagalli, 2009	patients and normal controls		In the major depression group, anhedonic symptoms were assoc...... In the major depression group, anhedonic symptoms were associated with reduced caudate volume bilaterally. More...
anhedonia		Nucleus accumbens(nucleus accumbens (NAcc))	brain morphology and function	Wacker, 2009	normal people		Anhedonia was correlated with reduced nucleus accumbens (NAc...... Anhedonia was correlated with reduced nucleus accumbens (NAcc) responses to rewards (gains in a monetary incentive delay task). More...
anhedonia		rostral anterior cingulate(rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC))	brain morphology and function	Wacker, 2009	normal people		Anhedonia was correlated with increased resting delta curren...... Anhedonia was correlated with increased resting delta current density (i.e., decreased resting activity) in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). More...
anhedonia		Midbrain(midbrain)	brain morphology and function	Gradin, 2010	patients and normal controls		The extent of signal reduction in midbrain correlating with ...... The extent of signal reduction in midbrain correlating with increased anhedonia severity in depression. More...
anhedonia		Ventral striatum(ventral striatum)	brain morphology and function	Epstein, 2006	patients and normal controls		Relative to comparison subjects, depressed patients demonstr...... Relative to comparison subjects, depressed patients demonstrated significantly less bilateral ventral striatal activation to positive stimuli, correlating with decreased interest/pleasure in and performance of activities. More...
anhedonia		Caudate nucleus(caudate)	brain morphology and function	Gradin, 2010	patients and normal controls		The extent of signal reduction in the bilateral caudate corr...... The extent of signal reduction in the bilateral caudate correlating with increased anhedonia severity in depression. More...
anhedonia		Nucleus accumbens(nucleus accumbens)	brain morphology and function	Gradin, 2010	patients and normal controls		The extent of signal reduction in nucleus accumbens correlat...... The extent of signal reduction in nucleus accumbens correlating with increased anhedonia severity in depression. More...
anhedonia		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Keedwell, 2005	patients only		In response to happy stimuli, anhedonia, but not depression ...... In response to happy stimuli, anhedonia, but not depression severity per se, was positively and negatively correlated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and amygdala/ventral striatal activity More...
anhedonia		Ventral striatum(ventral striatum)	brain morphology and function	Keedwell, 2005	patients only		In response to happy stimuli, anhedonia, but not depression ...... In response to happy stimuli, anhedonia, but not depression severity per se, was positively and negatively correlated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and amygdala/ventral striatal activity More...
anhedonia		ventromedial prefrontal cortex(ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC))	brain morphology and function	Keedwell, 2005	patients only		In response to happy stimuli, anhedonia, but not depression ...... In response to happy stimuli, anhedonia, but not depression severity per se, was positively and negatively correlated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and amygdala/ventral striatal activity More...
anhedonia		pregenual anterior cingulate cortex(pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC))	brain morphology and function	Walter, 2009	patients and normal controls		glutamine levels and lower functional responses in pgACC in ...... glutamine levels and lower functional responses in pgACC in anhedonic depressed patients More...
loss of interest		Thalamus(adhesio interthalamica)	brain morphology and function	Takahashi, 2009	patients and normal controls		The AI (interthalamica) length in the overall patient group ...... The AI (interthalamica) length in the overall patient group was negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms of loss of interest at the time of scanning. More...
anhedonia		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate cortex (ACC))	brain morphology and function	Gabbay, 2012	patients and normal controls	r = -0.50; P-value = .02	Anterior cingulate cortex GABA/w levels were negatively corr...... Anterior cingulate cortex GABA/w levels were negatively correlated with anhedonia scores for the whole MDD group (r = -0.50; P = .02), More...
anhedonia		Cognitive performance(encoding of prediction error signals)	cognition and behavior	Gradin, 2010	patients and normal controls		a disruption in the encoding of prediction error signals con...... a disruption in the encoding of prediction error signals contributes to anhedonia symptoms in depression More...
anhedonia		Reward processing(decreased motivation for rewards)	cognition and behavior	Treadway, 2009	normal people		Across multiple analyses, we found a significant inverse rel...... Across multiple analyses, we found a significant inverse relationship between anhedonia and willingness to expend effort for rewards. These findings suggest that anhedonia is specifically associated with decreased motivation for rewards More...
anhedonia		Sensation(olfactory hedonics)	cognition and behavior	Clepce, 2010	patients only		During the depressive episode, we found a significant relati...... During the depressive episode, we found a significant relation only between anhedonia and olfactory hedonics. More...
anhedonia		Low energy(psychomotor retardation)	symptoms	Lemke, 1999	patients only		There was a significant correlation between anhedonia and ps...... There was a significant correlation between anhedonia and psychomotor retardation assessed depressed patients with the Widocher Retardation Scale. More...
anhedonia		Sleep disturbances(sleep disturbance)	symptoms	Liu, 2007	patients only		Across sleep-disturbed children, those with both insomnia an...... Across sleep-disturbed children, those with both insomnia and hypersomnia had a longer history of illness, were more severely depressed, and were more likely to have anhedonia, weight loss, psychomotor retardation, and fatigue than were those with either insomnia or hypersomnia. More...
anhedonia		Depressed mood(depressive symptoms)	symptoms	Shankman, 2010	patients only		We found that over time physical anhedonia was relatively st...... We found that over time physical anhedonia was relatively stable and related to depressive symptoms (both between and within person). More...
low interest		Apathy(apathy)	symptoms	Pedrelli, 2010	patients only		Low interest and difficulty with concentration were associat...... Low interest and difficulty with concentration were associated with apathy More...
anhedonia		Stress(stress)	environment	Bogdan, 2006	normal people		Stress, particularly the threat-of-shock condition, impaired...... Stress, particularly the threat-of-shock condition, impaired reward responsiveness. Stress, one of the strongest risk factors for depression, has been linked to anhedonic behavior and dysfunctional reward-related neural circuitry. More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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