Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	Amygdala
Brain Morphology	Amygdala- part of the telencephalon, located in the temporal lobe. The amygdala is both large and just beneath the surface of the front, medial part of the temporal lobe where it causes the bulge on the surface called the uncus. This is a component of the limbic system.
Brain Function	Amygdala involved in memory, emotion, and fear.
Picture	From Wiki.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	88(86/2)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
amygdala	Siegle, 2007	patients and normal controls		Relative to control subjects, depressed subjects displayed s...... Relative to control subjects, depressed subjects displayed sustained amygdala reactivity on the emotional tasks. More...
amygdala	Suslow, 2010	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients exhibit potentiated amygdala reactivity t...... Depressed patients exhibit potentiated amygdala reactivity to masked negative stimuli along with a reduced responsiveness to masked positive stimuli compared with healthy individuals. More...
amygdala	Victor, 2010	patients and normal controls		The currently depressed people with MDD showed greater amygd...... The currently depressed people with MDD showed greater amygdala responses than healthy controls to masked sad faces. More...
amygdaloid nuclei	Klimek, 2002	patients and normal controls		The binding of [(125)I]RTI 55 to DA (dopamine) transporter w...... The binding of [(125)I]RTI 55 to DA (dopamine) transporter was significantly lower in the basal and central amygdaloid nuclei in major depression compared with control subjects. The binding of [(125)I]epidepride to D2 receptors was significantly higher in the basal, central, and lateral amygdaloid nuclei in major depression compared with control subjects. The binding of [(125)I]epidepride to D3 receptors was significantly higher in the basal, central, and lateral amygdaloid nuclei in major depression compared with control subjects. More...
amygdala	Thomas, 2001	patients and normal controls		depressed children showed a blunted amygdala response to fea...... depressed children showed a blunted amygdala response to fearful faces compared with healthy children More...
amygdala	Kimbrell, 2002	patients and normal controls		Compared with control subjects, the subgroup of patients wit...... Compared with control subjects, the subgroup of patients with Hamilton depression scores of 22 or greater demonstrated decreased absolute rCMRglu in paralimbic/amygdala regions More...
amygdala	Frodl, 2002	patients and normal controls		Patients showed increased amygdala volumes in both hemispher...... Patients showed increased amygdala volumes in both hemispheres as compared to healthy control subjects. More...
amygdala	Bowley, 2002	patients and normal controls		Glial density and the glia/neuron ratio were substantially r...... Glial density and the glia/neuron ratio were substantially reduced in the amygdala in major depressive disorder cases. The reduction was mainly accounted for by counts in the left hemisphere. More...
amygdala	Frodl, 2003	patients and normal controls		Patients with first-episode depression showed enlarged amygd...... Patients with first-episode depression showed enlarged amygdala volumes compared with patients with recurrent major depression and healthy control subjects. More...
amygdala	Saxena, 2003	patients only	partial r=0.71	improvement of major depressive disorder symptoms was signif...... improvement of major depressive disorder symptoms was significantly correlated with lower pretreatment (glucose) metabolism in the amygdala (partial r=0.71) More...
amygdala	MacMillan, 2003	patients and normal controls	left (14%) and right (11%)	Pediatric patients with MDD had significantly larger left (1...... Pediatric patients with MDD had significantly larger left (14%) and right (11%) amygdala:hippocampal volume ratios than controls. More...
amygdala	Hamidi, 2004	patients and normal controls		The density of total glia and oligodendrocytes in the amygda...... The density of total glia and oligodendrocytes in the amygdala was significantly lower in MDD than in control subjects More...
amygdala	Lange, 2004	patients and normal controls	arger (+13 %) amygdala volumes	Compared with control subjects, depressive subjects had sign...... Compared with control subjects, depressive subjects had significantly larger (+13 %) amygdala volumes More...
amygdala	Rosso, 2005	patients and normal controls		Depressed children had significant reductions of left and ri...... Depressed children had significant reductions of left and right amygdala volumes compared with healthy subjects. More...
amygdala	Xia, 2004	patients and normal controls		The patients had significant asymmetry of the amygdalar volu...... The patients had significant asymmetry of the amygdalar volumes (right smaller than left). More...
amygdala	Surguladze, 2005	patients and normal controls		Depressed individuals demonstrated linear increases in respo...... Depressed individuals demonstrated linear increases in response in left putamen, left parahippocampal gyrus/amygdala, and right fusiform gyrus to expressions of increasing sadness. More...
amygdala	Giesecke, 2005	patients and normal controls		Symptoms of depression and the presence of MDD were associat...... Symptoms of depression and the presence of MDD were associated with the magnitude of pain-evoked neuronal activations in brain regions associated with affective pain processing (the amygdalae and contralateral anterior insula). More...
amygdala	Canli, 2005	patients only		Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in a prospective...... Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in a prospective study, we show that greater amygdala activation to emotional facial expressions among depressed patients predicts symptom reduction 8 months later More...
amygdala	Parsey, 2006	patients and normal controls		Post hoc analysis revealed lower binding potential(serotonin...... Post hoc analysis revealed lower binding potential(serotonin transporter binding potential) in subjects with major depressive disorder, relative to the comparison subjects, in the amygdala More...
amygdala	Neumeister, 2006	patients and normal controls		The neural responses to sad facial expressions were increase...... The neural responses to sad facial expressions were increased in the amygdala and decreased in the left ventral striatum in rMDD patients relative to healthy control subjects. More...
amygdala	Weniger, 2006	patients and normal controls		Depressive subjects had significantly enlarged amygdala size...... Depressive subjects had significantly enlarged amygdala size and significantly reduced hippocampal size compared with controls. More...
amygdala	Ramel, 2007	patients and normal controls		Following sad mood induction, bilateral amygdala response du...... Following sad mood induction, bilateral amygdala response during encoding of valenced words predicted increased recall of negative self-referent words for a subset of remitted depressed participants. This association was not present before the sad mood induction and was not evident in individuals without a history of depression, regardless of mood state. More...
amygdala	Neumeister, 2006	patients and normal controls		A direct effect of 5-HTTLPR on the regulation of regional ce...... A direct effect of 5-HTTLPR on the regulation of regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose was identified in patients with rMDD for the amygdala, hippocampus, and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. More...
amygdala	Abler, 2007	patients and normal controls		Compared to the healthy control group, during expectation of...... Compared to the healthy control group, during expectation of negative vs. neutral or positive stimuli the patients showed significantly more activation within the sublenticular extended dorsal amygdala (SLEA) bilaterally but did not differ from controls upon expecting positive stimuli. More...
amygdala	Johnstone, 2007	patients and normal controls		Pupil dilation data suggest that those depressed patients wh...... Pupil dilation data suggest that those depressed patients who expend more effort to reappraise negative stimuli are characterized by accentuated activation in the amygdala, whereas nondepressed individuals exhibit the opposite pattern. More...
amygdala	Fales, 2008	patients and normal controls		Compared with control subjects, patients with depression sho...... Compared with control subjects, patients with depression showed an enhanced amygdala response to unattended fear-related stimuli (relative to unattended neutral). More...
amygdala	Monk, 2008	high-risk people and normal controls		When attention was unconstrained, high-risk subjects showed ...... When attention was unconstrained, high-risk subjects showed greater amygdala activation to fearful faces. More...
amygdala	Dannlowski, 2007	patients only		Amygdala hyperactivity is a neural substrate of negatively b...... Amygdala hyperactivity is a neural substrate of negatively biased automatic emotion processing that could be a determinant for a more severe disease course. More...
amygdala	Miller, 2008	patients and normal controls		Non-remitters had lower 5-HTT binding than controls in midbr...... Non-remitters had lower 5-HTT binding than controls in midbrain, amygdala, and anterior cingulate. More...
amygdala	Xiang, 2008	patients and normal controls		Levels of D4 mRNA were highest in the basal and central nucl...... Levels of D4 mRNA were highest in the basal and central nuclei. In the basal nucleus, amounts of D4, but not D1 or D2, mRNAs were significantly higher in subjects with major depression as compared to control subjects. More...
amygdalae	van Eijndhoven, 2009	patients and normal controls		Both amygdalae were significantly enlarged in currently depr...... Both amygdalae were significantly enlarged in currently depressed patients More...
amygdala	Hooley, 2009	patients and normal controls		Formerly depressed participants responded to criticism with ...... Formerly depressed participants responded to criticism with greater activation in the amygdala than did controls. More...
amygdala	Beesdo, 2009	patients and normal controls		both MDD and anxiety groups, relative to healthy participant...... both MDD and anxiety groups, relative to healthy participants, exhibited similar signs of amygdala hyperactivation to fearful faces when subjectively experienced fear was rated. More...
amygdala	Friedel, 2009	patients and normal controls		In healthy controls prefrontal (BA10) activation and BA10-am...... In healthy controls prefrontal (BA10) activation and BA10-amygdala coupling increased with the number of 5-HTT low-expression risk alleles, this effect was abolished, and even reversed, in patients with MDD. More...
amygdala	Kronenberg, 2009	patients and normal controls	by 13% in left amygdala and 12% in right amygdala	Absolute amygdala volumes were significantly reduced in the ...... Absolute amygdala volumes were significantly reduced in the patient group (by 13% in left amygdala and 12% in right amygdala). More...
amygdala	Peluso, 2009	patients and normal controls		While both depressed and healthy groups showed increased amy...... While both depressed and healthy groups showed increased amygdala activity when viewing emotive faces compared to geometric shapes, patients with unipolar depression showed relatively more activity than healthy subjects, particularly on the left. More...
amygdala	Lau, 2010	patients and normal controls	F's>4, p's<0.05	Significant effects of diagnosis and diagnosis-by-genotype i...... Significant effects of diagnosis and diagnosis-by-genotype interactions (F's>4, p's<0.05) characterized activations in amygdala and anterior hippocampal regions. Greater activations in patients than healthy adolescents were found. More...
amygdala	van Wingen, 2010	patients and normal controls		The amygdala was generally involved in memory formation, its...... The amygdala was generally involved in memory formation, its activity predicted subsequent forgetting of neutral faces in depressed patients. The amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex were involved in memory retrieval of happy faces only. More...
amygdala	Matthews, 2011	patients and normal controls		MDD relative to non-MDD individuals showed greater activity ...... MDD relative to non-MDD individuals showed greater activity during fear matching trials in the amygdala and other emotion processing structures. More...
amygdala	Altshuler, 2010	patients and normal controls		A reduction in the density of GFAP immunoreactive astrocytes...... A reduction in the density of GFAP immunoreactive astrocytes was observed in the amygdala of subjects with major depressive disorder More...
amygdala	van Eijndhoven, 2011	patients and normal controls		Both patient groups showed stronger subsequent memory effect...... Both patient groups showed stronger subsequent memory effects in the amygdala when compared to controls More...
amygdala	Ritchey, 2011	patients and normal controls		Prior to treatment and relative to controls, patients exhibi...... Prior to treatment and relative to controls, patients exhibited diminished discrimination between emotional and neutral items in the amygdala, caudate, and hippocampus. More...
amygdala	Cooney, 2010	patients and normal controls		Neural activity during rumination versus abstract distractio...... Neural activity during rumination versus abstract distraction was greater for depressed than for control participants in the amygdala, rostral anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and parahippocampus. More...
amygdala	Erk, 2010	patients and normal controls		On the group level, patients were able to downregulate negat...... On the group level, patients were able to downregulate negative emotions and corresponding amygdala activation, but this ability decreased with increasing symptom severity. More...
amygdala	Holsen, 2011	patients and normal controls		fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal intensity changes in...... fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal intensity changes in controls versus MDD in hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, OFC, ACC, and subgenual ACC, findings unrelated to medication status. More...
amygdala	Arnold, 2011	patients and normal controls		During successful encoding of positive words, patients exhib...... During successful encoding of positive words, patients exhibited a larger recruitment of a set of areas, comprising cingulate gyrus, right inferior- and left medial-frontal gyrus as well as the right anterior hippocampus/amygdala. More...
amygdala	Kessler, 2011	patients and normal controls		Relative to control subjects, patients with depression showe...... Relative to control subjects, patients with depression showed increased hemodynamic responses in limbic-paralimbic and subcortical regions (e.g. amygdala and basal ganglia) but no signal decrease in prefrontal regions. More...
amygdala	Terroni, 2011	high-risk people		Major depressive episode was associated with larger lesions ...... Major depressive episode was associated with larger lesions in areas of the medial prefrontal cortex including the ventral (BA24) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA32) and subgenual cortex (BA25); and also the subiculum (BA28/36) and amygdala (BA34). More...
bilateral amygdala	Lee, 2011	patients and normal controls		Decreased gray matter concentration was found in MDD patient...... Decreased gray matter concentration was found in MDD patients in the bilateral amygdalae, hippocampi, fusiform gyri, lingual gyri, insular gyri, middle-superior temporal gyri, thalami, cingulate gyri, the central lobule of the cerebellum, and the midbrain encompassing the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) More...
amygdala	Derntl, 2011	patients and normal controls		We observed significant group differences in amygdala activa...... We observed significant group differences in amygdala activation, with patients showing less response particularly during approach to happy faces. More...
amygdala	Jin, 2011	patients and normal controls		Our results showed that the topological properties of depres...... Our results showed that the topological properties of depressed adolescents' networks were significantly disrupted compared with HC. Dysregulation of brain regions were found in the amygdala. More...
amygdala	Zhong, 2011	patients and normal controls		The MDD subjects showed elevated left amygdala responses and...... The MDD subjects showed elevated left amygdala responses and reduced left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activation levels relative to HC subjects. More...
amygdala	Luking, 2011	patients only		When compared with CON, we found reduced connectivity betwee...... When compared with CON, we found reduced connectivity between the amygdala and the negative network in children with C-MDD, M-MDD, and CM-MDD. Children with either C-MDD or a maternal history of MDD (but not CM-MDD) displayed reduced connectivity between the amygdala and the positive network. More...
amygdala	Hsu, 2012	patients and normal controls		Among A-carriers, BOLD signal was smaller in MDD (n = 7) com...... Among A-carriers, BOLD signal was smaller in MDD (n = 7) compared with controls (n = 50) in the hypothalamus, bilateral amygdala, and left nucleus accumbens. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
amygdala		rs16944(rs16944)	SNP	Baune, 2010	patients only		The imaging analyses show that the number of G-alleles in bo...... The imaging analyses show that the number of G-alleles in both SNPs (rs16944 and rs1143643) was associated with reduced responsiveness of the amygdala and ACC to emotional stimulation. More...
amygdala		rs1143643(rs1143643)	SNP	Baune, 2010	patients only		The imaging analyses show that the number of G-alleles in bo...... The imaging analyses show that the number of G-alleles in both SNPs (rs16944 and rs1143643) was associated with reduced responsiveness of the amygdala and ACC to emotional stimulation. More...
amygdala		rs1064448(rs1064448)	SNP	Joeyen-Waldorf J, 2012	animal model; nomal people		Comparative analysis identified genes with conserved transcr...... Comparative analysis identified genes with conserved transcript changes in amygdala (n = 29) and cingulate cortex (n = 19), both critically involved in the generation and regulation of emotion. Selected results were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, including upregulation in the amygdala of transcripts for ADCY7, a gene previously implicated in human depression and associated with altered emotional responsiveness in mouse models. Translating these results back to living healthy human subjects, we show that genetic variation (rs1064448) in ADCY7 biases threat-related amygdala reactivity. More...
amygdala		SLC6A4(5-HTTLPR)	gene	Hariri, 2005	normal people		We now confirm the finding of 5-HTTLPR short allele-driven a...... We now confirm the finding of 5-HTTLPR short allele-driven amygdala hyperreactivity in a large independent cohort of healthy subjects with no history of psychiatric illness or treatment. More...
amygdala		AR(AR)	gene	Neumeister, 2006	patients and normal controls		We report that rMDD carriers of one or two copies of the alp...... We report that rMDD carriers of one or two copies of the alpha2CDel322-325-AR exhibit greater amygdala as well as pregenual and subgenual anterior cingulate gyrus neuronal activity in response to sad faces than healthy alpha2CDel322-325-AR carriers and rMDD noncarriers. More...
amygdala		SLC6A4(5-HTTLPR)	gene	Neumeister, 2006	patients and normal controls		A direct effect of 5-HTTLPR on the regulation of regional ce...... A direct effect of 5-HTTLPR on the regulation of regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose was identified in patients with rMDD for the amygdala, hippocampus, and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. More...
amygdala		HTR1A(5-HT(1A))	gene	Dannlowski, 2007	patients and normal controls		Risk allele carriers for either gene showed significantly in...... Risk allele carriers for either gene showed significantly increased bilateral amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli, implicating an additive effect of both genotypes. More...
amygdala		SLC6A4(5-HTTLPR)	gene	Dannlowski, 2007	patients and normal controls		Risk allele carriers for either gene showed significantly in...... Risk allele carriers for either gene showed significantly increased bilateral amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli, implicating an additive effect of both genotypes. More...
amygdala		APLP2(APLP2)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in amygdala Selected differentially expressed genes in amygdala
amygdala		INPP5A(INPP5A)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in amygdala Selected differentially expressed genes in amygdala
amygdala		PRKAB2(PRKAB2)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in amygdala Selected differentially expressed genes in amygdala
amygdala		PRKAR2A(PRKAR2A)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in amygdala Selected differentially expressed genes in amygdala
amygdala		PTPN6(PTPN6)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in amygdala Selected differentially expressed genes in amygdala
amygdala		XBP1(XBP1)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in amygdala Selected differentially expressed genes in amygdala
amygdala		MAOA(MAOA)	gene	Dannlowski, 2009	patients and normal controls		Amygdala-prefrontal connectivity was significantly reduced i...... Amygdala-prefrontal connectivity was significantly reduced in depressed patients and carriers of the higher active MAOA risk alleles (MAOA-H) More...
amygdala		CNR1(cannabinoid receptor 1 gene (CNR1))	gene	Domschke, 2008	patients only		CNR1 rs1049353 G allele carriers also demonstrated weaker bi...... CNR1 rs1049353 G allele carriers also demonstrated weaker bilateral amygdala, putamen and pallidum activity as well as left lateralized caudate and thalamus activity in response to masked happy faces. More...
amygdala		SLC6A4(serotonin transporter gene)	gene	Lau, 2009	patients and normal controls		First, consistent with healthy adult data, healthy adolescen...... First, consistent with healthy adult data, healthy adolescents with at least one copy of the S or L(G) allele showed stronger amygdala responses to fearful faces than healthy adolescents without these alleles. Second, patients with two copies of the L(A) allele exhibited greater amygdala responses to fearful faces relative to patients with S or L(G) alleles. More...
amygdala		SLC6A4(5-HTTLPR)	gene	Ben-Shachar, 2008	patients and normal controls		Risk allele carriers (S or L(G)) demonstrated increased amyg...... Risk allele carriers (S or L(G)) demonstrated increased amygdala reactivity to masked emotional faces More...
amygdala		SLC6A4(5-HTTLPR)	gene	Frodl, 2008	patients and normal controls		We found that healthy controls have a strong association bet...... We found that healthy controls have a strong association between the 5-HTTLPR and GM volumes of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left anterior gyrus cinguli, left amygdala as well as right hippocampus, whereas there is no such association in patients with major depression. More...
amygdala		SLC6A4(5-HTT)	gene	Friedel, 2009	patients and normal controls		In healthy controls prefrontal (BA10) activation and BA10-am...... In healthy controls prefrontal (BA10) activation and BA10-amygdala coupling increased with the number of 5-HTT low-expression risk alleles, this effect was abolished, and even reversed, in patients with MDD. More...
amygdala		TPH1(TPH1)	gene	Lee, 2009	patients only		Subjects with the A allele of the TPH1 A218C polymorphism sh...... Subjects with the A allele of the TPH1 A218C polymorphism showed greater brain activity in the bilateral amygdala under the sad vs. the neutral condition compared with subjects homozygous for the C allele. More...
amygdala		BDNF(Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF))	gene	Lau, 2010	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.05	Significant effects of diagnosis and diagnosis-by-genotype i...... Significant effects of diagnosis and diagnosis-by-genotype interactions (F's>4, p's<0.05) characterized activations in amygdala and anterior hippocampal regions. Greater activations in patients than healthy adolescents were found. Critically, these hyperactivations were modulated by BDNF genotype: Met-carriers showed greater neural responses of emotional faces than Val/Val homozygotes in patients only. More...
amygdala		COMT(catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT))	gene	Lelli-Chiesa, 2011	patients and normal controls		the Val158 allele was associated with greater amygdala activ...... the Val158 allele was associated with greater amygdala activation More...
amygdala		P2RX7(P2X7 receptor)	gene	Boucher, 2011	animal model		c-Fos expression in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and...... c-Fos expression in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and in the basolateral amygdala was seen in WT mice but not P2X7(-/-) mice following repeated forced swim. More...
amygdala		GAL(galanin)	gene	Davidson, 2011	animal model		arcuate nucleus and amygdala that also expressed the galanin...... arcuate nucleus and amygdala that also expressed the galanin peptide More...
amygdala		ADCY7(ADCY7)	gene	Joeyen-Waldorf J, 2012	animal model; nomal people		Comparative analysis identified genes with conserved transcr...... Comparative analysis identified genes with conserved transcript changes in amygdala (n = 29) and cingulate cortex (n = 19), both critically involved in the generation and regulation of emotion. Selected results were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, including upregulation in the amygdala of transcripts for ADCY7, a gene previously implicated in human depression and associated with altered emotional responsiveness in mouse models. Translating these results back to living healthy human subjects, we show that genetic variation (rs1064448) in ADCY7 biases threat-related amygdala reactivity. More...
amygdaloid nuclei		D(2) dopamine receptor(dopamine D2 receptor)	protein	Klimek, 2002	patients and normal controls		The binding of [(125)I]epidepride to D2 receptors was signif...... The binding of [(125)I]epidepride to D2 receptors was significantly higher in the basal, central, and lateral amygdaloid nuclei in major depression compared with control subjects. More...
amygdaloid nuclei		D(3) dopamine receptor(dopamine D3 receptor)	protein	Klimek, 2002	patients and normal controls		The binding of [(125)I]epidepride to D3 receptors was signif...... The binding of [(125)I]epidepride to D3 receptors was significantly higher in the basal, central, and lateral amygdaloid nuclei in major depression compared with control subjects. More...
amygdala		Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(serotonin transporter)	protein	Parsey, 2006	patients and normal controls		Post hoc analysis revealed lower binding potential(serotonin...... Post hoc analysis revealed lower binding potential(serotonin transporter binding potential) in subjects with major depressive disorder, relative to the comparison subjects, in the amygdala More...
amygdala		Mu-type opioid receptor(mu-opioid receptor)	protein	Kennedy, 2006	patients and normal controls		Larger reductions in mu-opioid system BP during sadness were...... Larger reductions in mu-opioid system BP during sadness were obtained in patients with MDD in the anterior insular cortex, anterior and posterior thalamus, ventral basal ganglia, amygdala, and periamygdalar cortex. More...
amygdala		Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 2(TPH2)	protein	Haghighi, 2008	patients and normal controls		Here, we identify a novel TPH2 short isoform with truncated ...... Here, we identify a novel TPH2 short isoform with truncated catalytic domain expressed in human brainstem, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. More...
amygdala		Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(serotonin transporter (5-HTT))	protein	Miller, 2008	patients and normal controls		Non-remitters had lower 5-HTT binding than controls in midbr...... Non-remitters had lower 5-HTT binding than controls in midbrain, amygdala, and anterior cingulate. More...
amygdala		Interleukin-18(IL-18)	protein	Prossin, 2011	patients and normal controls		In MDDs, IL-18 was positively correlated with baseline regio...... In MDDs, IL-18 was positively correlated with baseline regional mu-OR BP(ND) and with sadness-induced mu-opioid system activation in the subgenual anterior cingulate, ventral basal ganglia, and amygdala. More...
amygdala		Glucose(glucose)	molecule	Saxena, 2003	patients only		improvement of major depressive disorder symptoms was signif...... improvement of major depressive disorder symptoms was significantly correlated with lower pretreatment (glucose) metabolism in the amygdala (partial r=0.71) More...
amygdala		Serotonergic system(serotonergic (5-HT) system)	neurobiological system	Morris, 1999	patients only		Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., d...... Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., dorsal raphe, habenula, septal region, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex, covaried significantly with plasma levels of tryptophan and ratings of depressed mood. More...
amygdala		ventromedial prefrontal cortex(ventromedial PFC (VMPFC))	brain morphology and function	Johnstone, 2007	patients and normal controls		During an effortful affective reappraisal task, depressed in...... During an effortful affective reappraisal task, depressed individuals show a positive association between VMPFC and amygdala. More...
amygdala		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	Chen, 2008	patients and normal controls		We found that the amygdala was negatively coupled with the a...... We found that the amygdala was negatively coupled with the anterior cingulate cortex. More...
amygdala		medial temporal regions(medial temporal regions)	brain morphology and function	Chen, 2008	patients and normal controls		We found that the amygdala was positively coupled bilaterall...... We found that the amygdala was positively coupled bilaterally with medial temporal and ventral occipital regions More...
amygdala		ventral occipital regions(ventral occipital regions)	brain morphology and function	Chen, 2008	patients and normal controls		We found that the amygdala was positively coupled bilaterall...... We found that the amygdala was positively coupled bilaterally with medial temporal and ventral occipital regions More...
amygdala		Subgenual cingulate(subgenual cingulate)	brain morphology and function	Matthews, 2008	patients and normal controls		Although both groups activated the extended amygdala (EA) du...... Although both groups activated the extended amygdala (EA) during emotion processing, the MDD relative to the HC group showed more task-related co-activation of the subgenual cingulate More...
amygdala		supragenual cingulate(supragenual cingulate)	brain morphology and function	Matthews, 2008	patients and normal controls		Although both groups activated the extended amygdala (EA) du...... Although both groups activated the extended amygdala (EA) during emotion processing, the MDD relative to the HC group showed less co-activation of the supragenual cingulate More...
amygdala		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate cortices (ACC))	brain morphology and function	Yoshimura, 2010	patients and normal controls		Functional connectivity analysis revealed positive connectiv...... Functional connectivity analysis revealed positive connectivities between the MPFC, the rostral ACC, and the amygdala. More...
amygdala		medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)(medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC))	brain morphology and function	Yoshimura, 2010	patients and normal controls		Functional connectivity analysis revealed positive connectiv...... Functional connectivity analysis revealed positive connectivities between the MPFC, the rostral ACC, and the amygdala. More...
amygdala		Cingulate cortex(cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	Gaiteri, 2010	patients and normal controls		We report robust gene transcript synchrony between the amygd...... We report robust gene transcript synchrony between the amygdala and cingulate cortex in the human postmortem brain of normal control subjects (n = 14; Control/Permutated data, p<0.000001). More...
amygdala (AMY)		Affective network(emotional circuit)	brain morphology and function	Carballedo, 2011	patients and normal controls		The aim of the study is to map a neural network of emotion p...... The aim of the study is to map a neural network of emotion processing. A valid model was established for the left and the right hemispheres showing a circuit involving ACC, OFC, PFC and AMY(amygdala). More...
amygdala (AMY)		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate cortex (ACC))	brain morphology and function	Carballedo, 2011	patients and normal controls		In the right hemisphere, patients show lower connectivity co...... In the right hemisphere, patients show lower connectivity coefficients in the path from the AMY to ACC More...
amygdala (AMY)		Orbitofrontal cortex(orbitofrontal cortex (OFC))	brain morphology and function	Carballedo, 2011	patients and normal controls		The left hemisphere shows significant lower connectivity str...... The left hemisphere shows significant lower connectivity strengths in patients than controls, for the pathway that goes from AMY to the OF11. In the right hemisphere, patients show lower connectivity coefficients in the path from the AMY to OF11 More...
amygdala		Cognitive processing bias(mood-congruent memory)	cognition and behavior	Ramel, 2007	patients and normal controls		These results are consistent with cognitive diathesis-stress...... These results are consistent with cognitive diathesis-stress theories and suggest a role for the amygdala in modulating mood-congruent memory during transient sad mood in individuals who are vulnerable to depression relapse. More...
amygdala		Cognitive processing bias(negative judgmental bias)	cognition and behavior	Dannlowski, 2007	patients only		Significant associations between (right) amygdala reactivity...... Significant associations between (right) amygdala reactivity and automatic negative judgmental bias were replicated in our patient sample. More...
amygdala		Attention(impaired attention)	cognition and behavior	Li, 2010	patients and normal controls		Impaired acoustic and visual attention associated with GMV(g...... Impaired acoustic and visual attention associated with GMV(gray matter volume) differences in several cortical regions, thalamus and amygdala/parahippocampal gyrus. More...
amygdala		Emotion(emotional reactivity)	cognition and behavior	van Wingen, 2011	patients and normal controls		The depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and...... The depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and healthy individuals on the emotion-labelling but not the emotion-matching task. The labelling deficit was related to increased recruitment of the right amygdala, left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex. More...
amygdala		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Morris, 1999	patients only		Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., d...... Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., dorsal raphe, habenula, septal region, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex, covaried significantly with ratings of depressed mood. More...
amygdala		Increased agitation(anxiety symptoms)	symptoms	Thomas, 2001	patients and normal controls		the magnitude of the amygdala's signal change between fearfu...... the magnitude of the amygdala's signal change between fearful and neutral faces was positively correlated with the severity of everyday anxiety symptoms More...
amygdala		Increased agitation(anxiety)	symptoms	MacMillan, 2003	patients and normal controls		Increased left and right amygdala:hippocampal volume ratios ...... Increased left and right amygdala:hippocampal volume ratios were associated with increased severity of anxiety but not increased severity of depression or duration of illness. More...
amygdala		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Giesecke, 2005	patients and normal controls		Symptoms of depression and the presence of MDD were associat...... Symptoms of depression and the presence of MDD were associated with the magnitude of pain-evoked neuronal activations in brain regions associated with affective pain processing (the amygdalae and contralateral anterior insula). More...
amygdala		Anhedonia(anhedonia)	symptoms	Keedwell, 2005	patients only		In response to happy stimuli, anhedonia, but not depression ...... In response to happy stimuli, anhedonia, but not depression severity per se, was positively and negatively correlated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and amygdala/ventral striatal activity More...
amygdala		Psychotic symptoms(psychosis)	symptoms	Keller, 2008	patients and normal controls		depressed patients with psychosis had a significantly smalle...... depressed patients with psychosis had a significantly smaller mean amygdala volume relative to depressed patients without psychosis and healthy comparison subjects More...
amygdala		Suicide(suicide)	symptoms	Poulter, 2008	patients only		The DNMT gene transcripts' expression was altered in several...... The DNMT gene transcripts' expression was altered in several brains regions of suicides, including frontopolar cortex, amygdala, and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. More...
amygdala		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Salvadore, 2009	patients and normal controls		Exploratory analyses showed that pretreatment amygdala activ...... Exploratory analyses showed that pretreatment amygdala activity was negatively correlated with change in depressive symptoms. Pretreatment rostral ACC activation may be a useful biomarker that identifies a subgroup of patients who will respond favorably to ketamine's antidepressant effects. More...
amygdala		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Roiser, 2009	patients and normal controls		Increasing amygdala blood flow was associated with more nega...... Increasing amygdala blood flow was associated with more negative emotional bias score across both groups. More...
amygdala		Suicide(suicide)	symptoms	Klempan, 2009	patients and normal controls		The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of multiple transcripts of Q...... The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of multiple transcripts of QKI were revealing significant reduced in 11 cortical regions and the hippocampus and amygdala of suicide victims compared with control subjects. More...
amygdala		Child abuse(physical abuse)	environment	Grant, 2011	patients and normal controls		We observed a robust positive correlation between physical a...... We observed a robust positive correlation between physical abuse and right amygdala response. More...

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Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.

Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

2. User can drag the nodes to rearrange the layout of the network. Click the node will enter the report page of the node. Right-click will show also the menus to link to the report page of the node and remove the node and related edges. Hover the node will show the level of the node and hover the edge will show the evidence/description of the edge.
3. The network is generated using Cytoscape Web

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
amygdala	Frodl, 2004	patients and normal controls		No significant hippocampal and amygdala volume changes were ...... No significant hippocampal and amygdala volume changes were observed in patients or controls between baseline and 1-year follow-up investigations. More...
amygdala	Munn, 2007	patients and normal controls		No significant differences were found in amygdala volumes be...... No significant differences were found in amygdala volumes between depressed, high-risk, or control subjects. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
amygdala		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Frodl, 2002	patients and normal controls		No significant correlations were found between amygdala volu...... No significant correlations were found between amygdala volumes and age, age of onset, illness duration, or severity of depression in the patient group. More...