Cognition and Behavior Report

Name	Emotion
Description	Emotion is the complex psychophysiological experience of an individual's state of mind as interacting with biochemical (internal) and environmental (external) influences. In humans, emotion fundamentally involves "physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience."
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	18 (18/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
down-regulation of sadness	Beauregard, 2006	patients and normal controls		The degree of difficulty experienced during down-regulation ...... The degree of difficulty experienced during down-regulation of sadness was higher in depressed individuals. More...
emotional reactivity	Lethbridge, 2008	patients only		Relapse was predicted by lower levels of emotional reactivit...... Relapse was predicted by lower levels of emotional reactivity (specifically less reduction in happiness) to the mood induction during the initial assessment. More...
dysregulation of negative emotion	Mak, 2009	patients and normal controls		Abnormal structures in the ACC and OFC and the dysregulation...... Abnormal structures in the ACC and OFC and the dysregulation of negative emotion may relate to the pathology of major depressive disorder. More...
response latenciesto making judgements of emotional expressions	Mah, 2010	patients and normal controls		Healthy comparison subjects showed longer response latencies...... Healthy comparison subjects showed longer response latencies to making judgements of all emotional expressions relative to neutral faces. In contrast, response latencies did not vary by emotion in LLDs (late-life depressions). More...
emotional reactivity	van Wingen, 2011	patients and normal controls		The depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and...... The depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and healthy individuals on the emotion-labelling but not the emotion-matching task. More...
downregulate negative emotions	Erk, 2010	patients and normal controls		On the group level, patients were able to downregulate negat...... On the group level, patients were able to downregulate negative emotions and corresponding amygdala activation, but this ability decreased with increasing symptom severity. More...
emotional modulation	Sterzer, 2011	patients and normal controls		We found a significant difference in the emotional modulatio...... We found a significant difference in the emotional modulation of suppression time between MDD patients and controls. More...
deficient inhibition for negative material	Dai, 2011	patients and normal controls		There were significant differences for positive and negative...... There were significant differences for positive and negative priming effects of sad faces between each pair of groups, with the effects being lowest for MDD and highest for NC participants. It can be concluded that depressed individuals are characterized by enhanced facilitation and deficient inhibition for negative materials, which is a stable cognitive vulnerability risk, possibly associated with the occurrence of depression. More...
inhibition of emotional information	Lisiecka, 2012	high-risk people and normal controls		The interaction between group and emotional valence of the i...... The interaction between group and emotional valence of the inhibited information was significant, indicating a negative neural drift in unaffected relatives of patients with MDD. More...
social emotional processing	Elliott, 2012	patients and normal controls		A specific trait abnormality in social emotional processing ...... A specific trait abnormality in social emotional processing associated with vulnerability to depression More...
emotion dysregulation	Falkenberg, 2012	patients and normal controls		Our results encourage the application of both procedures in ...... Our results encourage the application of both procedures in functional imaging studies for investigating the neural substrates of emotion dysregulation in MDD patients. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
anger expression		CREB1(CREB)	gene	Perlis, 2007	patients only	P-value=0.003	For the sample as a whole, one of six SNPs tested in this ge...... For the sample as a whole, one of six SNPs tested in this gene was significantly associated with anger expression (empirical p = .003). More...
responding to angry		CREB1(CREB1)	gene	Perlis, 2008	normal people		The CREB1-linked single-nucleotide polymorphism was associat...... The CREB1-linked single-nucleotide polymorphism was associated with significant differential activation in an extended neural network responding to angry and other facial expressions. More...
conditioned fear		Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1(cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB))	protein	Muschamp JW, 2011	animal model		Elevation of CREB within the nucleus accumbens shell impaire...... Elevation of CREB within the nucleus accumbens shell impaired extinction of conditioned fear More...
processing negative self-referential information		Subgenual cingulate(subgenual cingulate)	brain morphology and function	Matthews, 2008	patients and normal controls		Although both groups activated the extended amygdala (EA) du...... Although both groups activated the extended amygdala (EA) during emotion processing, the MDD relative to the HC group showed more task-related co-activation of the subgenual cingulate, which is involved in processing negative self-referential information More...
behavioral avoidance of angry faces		Right fronto-insular cortex (RFIC)(insular)	brain morphology and function	Perlis, 2008	normal people		The CREB1-associated insular activation was coincident with ...... The CREB1-associated insular activation was coincident with activation associated with behavioral avoidance of angry faces. More...
dysregulation of negative emotion		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate cortex (ACC))	brain morphology and function	Mak, 2009	patients and normal controls		The depressed participants showed specific difficulty in reg...... The depressed participants showed specific difficulty in regulating negative emotion, which was associated with reduced GMV and concentration in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the inferior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Abnormal structures in the ACC and OFC and the dysregulation of negative emotion may relate to the pathology of major depressive disorder. More...
dysregulation of negative emotion		inferior orbitofrontal cortex(inferior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC))	brain morphology and function	Mak, 2009	patients and normal controls		The depressed participants showed specific difficulty in reg...... The depressed participants showed specific difficulty in regulating negative emotion, which was associated with reduced GMV and concentration in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the inferior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Abnormal structures in the ACC and OFC and the dysregulation of negative emotion may relate to the pathology of major depressive disorder. More...
emotional functions		left superior longitudinal fasciculus(left superior longitudinal fasciculus)	brain morphology and function	Dalby, 2010	patients and normal controls		patients displayed a significantly higher WML density in two...... patients displayed a significantly higher WML density in two white-matter tracts: the left superior longitudinal fasciculus and the right frontal projections of the corpus callosum. These tracts are part of circuitries essential for cognitive and emotional functions. More...
emotional functions		right frontal projections of the corpus callosum(right frontal projections of the corpus callosum)	brain morphology and function	Dalby, 2010	patients and normal controls		patients displayed a significantly higher WML density in two...... patients displayed a significantly higher WML density in two white-matter tracts: the left superior longitudinal fasciculus and the right frontal projections of the corpus callosum. These tracts are part of circuitries essential for cognitive and emotional functions. More...
emotional reactivity		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	van Wingen, 2011	patients and normal controls		The depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and...... The depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and healthy individuals on the emotion-labelling but not the emotion-matching task. The labelling deficit was related to increased recruitment of the right amygdala, left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex. More...
emotional reactivity		Inferior frontal gyrus(inferior frontal gyrus)	brain morphology and function	van Wingen, 2011	patients and normal controls		The depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and...... The depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and healthy individuals on the emotion-labelling but not the emotion-matching task. The labelling deficit was related to increased recruitment of the right amygdala, left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex. More...
emotional reactivity		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	van Wingen, 2011	patients and normal controls		The depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and...... The depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and healthy individuals on the emotion-labelling but not the emotion-matching task. The labelling deficit was related to increased recruitment of the right amygdala, left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex. More...
conditioned fear		Nucleus accumbens(nucleus accumbens (NAcc))	brain morphology and function	Muschamp JW, 2011	animal model		Elevation of CREB within the nucleus accumbens shell impaire...... Elevation of CREB within the nucleus accumbens shell impaired extinction of conditioned fear More...
disgust recognition		Insular cortex(insular cortex)	brain morphology and function	Sprengelmeyer, 2011	patients only		The magnitude of the disgust recognition deficit correlated ...... The magnitude of the disgust recognition deficit correlated with reduced insula grey matter volume. More...
regulation of emotion		anterior lateral prefrontal cortices(anterior lateral prefrontal cortices)	brain morphology and function	Etkin, 2011	patients and normal controls		Depression-only patients, however, compensated for this defi...... Depression-only patients, however, compensated for this deficit by also activating the left and right anterior lateral prefrontal cortices, in which activity was correlated with behavioral evidence of successful implicit regulation, thus mediating the disorder-specificity of the behavioral phenotype. More...
inhibition of emotional information		right middle cingulate cortex(right middle cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	Lisiecka, 2012	high-risk people and normal controls	P-value < 0.05, family wise error corrected	The unaffected relatives of patients with MDD displayed an i...... The unaffected relatives of patients with MDD displayed an increased activation during inhibiting of negative material in the right middle cingulate cortex and the left caudate nucleus (p < 0.05, family wise error corrected). More...
inhibition of emotional information		left caudate(left caudate nucleus)	brain morphology and function	Lisiecka, 2012	high-risk people and normal controls	P-value < 0.05, family wise error corrected	The unaffected relatives of patients with MDD displayed an i...... The unaffected relatives of patients with MDD displayed an increased activation during inhibiting of negative material in the right middle cingulate cortex and the left caudate nucleus (p < 0.05, family wise error corrected). More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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