Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	Putamen
Brain Morphology	The putamen is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain (telencephalon). The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus.
Brain Function	The main function of the putamen is to regulate movements and influence various types of learning. It employs dopamine to perform its functions.
Picture	Source
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	17(17/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
putamen	Mitterschiffthaler, 2003	patients and normal controls		Patients, compared to controls, showed increased activation ...... Patients, compared to controls, showed increased activation in putamen. More...
putamen	Tupler, 2002	patients and normal controls		Late- and early-onset patients had more severe subcortical g...... Late- and early-onset patients had more severe subcortical gray-matter hyperintensities (particularly in the putamen) compared with controls. More...
putamen	Vythilingam, 2003	patients and normal controls		Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had a significa...... Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had a significantly lower mean NAA/Cr amplitude in the caudate and a significantly higher mean Cho/Cr amplitude in the putamen, particularly on the right side. More...
putamen	Kumar, 2004	patients and normal controls		Patients had significantly lower MTRs(Magnetization transfer...... Patients had significantly lower MTRs(Magnetization transfer ratios) in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, the right caudate nucleus and putamen, and the occipital white matter compared with controls. More...
putamen	Holthoff, 2004	patients only		There were significant decreases in metabolism upon remissio...... There were significant decreases in metabolism upon remission with respect to the baseline scan in left prefrontal, anterior temporal and anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral thalamus (SPM analysis) and bilateral putamen and cerebellum (SPM and ROI analyses). More...
putamen	Ende, 2007	patients and normal controls		Significantly lower choline-containing compounds in the hipp...... Significantly lower choline-containing compounds in the hippocampus and significantly higher choline-containing compounds in the putamen of patients with MDD compared to healthy subjects were found. More...
putamen	Remijnse, 2009	patients and normal controls		Imaging results showed MDD-specific hyperactivity in the ant...... Imaging results showed MDD-specific hyperactivity in the anterior insula during punishment processing and in the putamen during reward processing. More...
putamen	Halari, 2009	patients and normal controls		Adolescents with depression compared to healthy controls dem...... Adolescents with depression compared to healthy controls demonstrated reduced activation in putamen, insula and temporal lobes during the Switch task. More...
putamen	Selvaraj, 2011	patients and normal controls		The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT binding in several ...... The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT binding in several brain regions including putamen More...
putamen	Gotlib, 2010	high-risk people and normal controls		high-risk participants showed less activation than did their...... high-risk participants showed less activation than did their low-risk counterparts in the putamen More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
putamen		CNR1(cannabinoid receptor 1 gene (CNR1))	gene	Domschke, 2008	patients only		CNR1 rs1049353 G allele carriers also demonstrated weaker bi...... CNR1 rs1049353 G allele carriers also demonstrated weaker bilateral amygdala, putamen and pallidum activity as well as left lateralized caudate and thalamus activity in response to masked happy faces. More...
putamen		Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(serotonin transporter (5-HTT))	protein	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.01	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). More...
putamen		D(2) dopamine receptor(D(2) receptor)	protein	Meyer, 2006	patients only		The depressed subjects exhibiting motor retardation had sign...... The depressed subjects exhibiting motor retardation had significantly higher D(2) binding potential in both the left and right putamen than did healthy subjects More...
putamen		Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A(monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A))	protein	Meyer, 2006	patients and normal controls		The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly sign...... The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly significantly elevated in putamen. More...
putamen		Dopaminergic system(dopaminergic system)	neurobiological system	Tremblay, 2005	patients and normal controls	F(1,44) = 11.93, P-value = .001	Subjects with MDD had a hypersensitive response to the rewar...... Subjects with MDD had a hypersensitive response to the rewarding effects of dextroamphetamine (dopaminergic probe), which altered brain activation in the putamen. More...
putamen		Right amygdala(right amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Hamilton, 2008	patients and normal controls		The right amygdala was more active and showed greater functi...... The right amygdala was more active and showed greater functional connectivity with the hippocampus and caudate-putamen in depressed than in control participants during encoding of subsequently remembered negative but not neutral or positive stimuli. More...
putamen		Attribution and attitude(negativistic dysfunctional attitudes)	cognition and behavior	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). The magnitude of regional 5-HTT BP can provide a vulnerability to low levels of extracellular serotonin and symptoms of extremely negativistic dysfunctional attitudes. More...
putamen		Reward processing(reward processing)	cognition and behavior	Remijnse, 2009	patients and normal controls		Imaging results showed MDD-specific hyperactivity in the ant...... Imaging results showed MDD-specific hyperactivity in the anterior insula during punishment processing and in the putamen during reward processing. More...
putamen		Anhedonia(anhedonia)	symptoms	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in anteroventral putamen. More...
putamen		Increased agitation(psychomotor symptom)	symptoms	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in anteroventral putamen. More...

---

Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.

Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

2. User can drag the nodes to rearrange the layout of the network. Click the node will enter the report page of the node. Right-click will show also the menus to link to the report page of the node and remove the node and related edges. Hover the node will show the level of the node and hover the edge will show the evidence/description of the edge.
3. The network is generated using Cytoscape Web