Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	Insula
Brain Morphology	Insula- is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe. The cortical area overlying it towards the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum (meaning "lid"). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. It is believed to be involved in consciousness.
Brain Function	The insulae play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions include perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience. In relation to these it is involved in psychopathology.
Picture	Source
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	18(18/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
insula	Mitterschiffthaler, 2003	patients and normal controls		Patients, compared to controls, showed increased activation ...... Patients, compared to controls, showed increased activation in insula. More...
insula	Kimbrell, 2002	patients and normal controls		Compared with control subjects, the subgroup of patients wit...... Compared with control subjects, the subgroup of patients with Hamilton depression scores of 22 or greater demonstrated decreased absolute rCMRglu bilaterally in the insula More...
contralateral insula	Bar, 2007	patients and normal controls		Patients displayed a stronger parametric BOLD signal increas...... Patients displayed a stronger parametric BOLD signal increase in the contralateral insula. More...
insula	Cannon, 2007	patients and normal controls	increased 5-HTT BP in the insula (15%)	Relative to the healthy group both MDD and BD groups showed ...... Relative to the healthy group both MDD and BD groups showed significantly increased 5-HTT BP in the insula (15%). More...
insula	Johnstone, 2007	patients and normal controls		Pupil dilation data suggest that those depressed patients wh...... Pupil dilation data suggest that those depressed patients who expend more effort to reappraise negative stimuli are characterized by accentuated activation in the insula, whereas nondepressed individuals exhibit the opposite pattern. More...
insula	Wang, 2008	patients and normal controls		Patients also revealed a reversed activation pattern from co...... Patients also revealed a reversed activation pattern from controls in response to this contrast in the insula More...
bilateral insula	Hosokawa, 2009	patients and normal controls		Compared with healthy controls, the depressed UP (unipolar m...... Compared with healthy controls, the depressed UP (unipolar mood disorder) patients showed significantly lower glucose metabolism in the bilateral insula. More...
insula	Halari, 2009	patients and normal controls		Adolescents with depression compared to healthy controls dem...... Adolescents with depression compared to healthy controls demonstrated reduced activation in putamen, insula and temporal lobes during the Switch task. More...
insula	Zhang, 2009	patients and normal controls		Compared with healthy participants, patients with major depr...... Compared with healthy participants, patients with major depressive disorder showed significantly decreased local gyrification index in the insula, More...
insula	Hwang, 2010	patients and normal controls		Late-onset depression was associated with smaller volumes in...... Late-onset depression was associated with smaller volumes in several regions of gray matter (insula and the posterior cingulate region) and white matter (subcallosal cingulate cortex, floor of lateral ventricles, parahippocampal region, insula, and the cerebellum). More...
insula	Townsend, 2010	patients and normal controls		In a between-group comparison, patients showed significantly...... In a between-group comparison, patients showed significantly reduced activation in the insula, temporal and occipital cortices. More...
insula	Deschwanden, 2011	patients and normal controls		The PET study revealed lower levels of regional mGluR5 bindi...... The PET study revealed lower levels of regional mGluR5 binding in the prefrontal cortex, the cingulate cortex, the insula, the thalamus, and the hippocampus in the depression group relative to the comparison group. More...
insula	Jin, 2011	patients and normal controls		Our results showed that the topological properties of depres...... Our results showed that the topological properties of depressed adolescents' networks were significantly disrupted compared with HC. Dysregulation of brain regions were found in the insula. More...
insula	Levesque, 2011	high-risk people		In children whose mothers exhibited higher depressive sympto...... In children whose mothers exhibited higher depressive symptomatology, compared to children whose mothers displayed lower depressive symptomatology, altered neural responses to sad film excerpts were noted in brain regions known to be involved in sadness and MD, notably the insula, anterior cingulate cortex and caudate nucleus, even though the children did not differ in current mood. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
insula		Anhedonia(anhedonia)	symptoms	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in right insula. More...
insula		Increased agitation(psychomotor symptom)	symptoms	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in right insula. More...
insula		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Kimbrell, 2002	patients and normal controls		Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute r...... Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute rCMRglu in insula, basal ganglia, and temporoparietal cortex (right > left). More...
insula		Psychotic symptoms(psychotic symptoms)	symptoms	Skaf, 2002	patients and normal controls	corrected P-value < 0.031	Relative to the non-psychotic group, depressed patients with...... Relative to the non-psychotic group, depressed patients with psychotic symptoms also had a focus of decreased rCBF in the right inferior frontal cortex, with the voxel of maximal significance in the insula (P<0.031, corrected for multiple comparisons). More...
insula		Sleep disturbances(insomnia)	symptoms	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls		Insomnia severity was inversely correlated with rCBF in the ...... Insomnia severity was inversely correlated with rCBF in the right rostral and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices, insula and claustrum. More...
insula		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Herwig, 2010	patients and normal controls		While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation p...... While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation patterns in depressed patients within the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal areas, inferior frontal gyrus, insula and medial thalamus were similar to activations associated with expecting unpleasant pictures. The activity within a majority of these areas correlated with the depression scores. More...
insula		Suicide(suicide)	symptoms	Hwang, 2010	patients and normal controls		Compared with nonsuicidal counterpart, suicidal depression w...... Compared with nonsuicidal counterpart, suicidal depression was associated with decreased GM(gray matter) and WM(white matter) volume in the insula More...

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Note:
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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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