Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	Hippocampus
Brain Morphology	The hippocampus is located inside the medial temporal lobe, beneath the cortical surface. It contains two main interlocking parts: Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus.
Brain Function	Hippocampus is important for learning and memory . . . for converting short term memory to more permanent memory, and for recalling spatial relationships in the world about us
Picture	From Wiki.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	89(87/2)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
hippocampus	Kumar, 2008	patients and normal controls		Patients with MDD had significantly reduced reward-learning ...... Patients with MDD had significantly reduced reward-learning signals in hippocampus. More...
hippocampus	Costafreda, 2009	patients and normal controls		Decreased grey matter density in the hippocampus showed the ...... Decreased grey matter density in the hippocampus showed the highest contribution to the diagnosis of depression. More...
hippocampal volume	MacMaster, 2008	patients and normal controls	left hippocampal P-value = .007, effect size [d] = .44; right hippocampal volumes P-value = .025, d = .33	Patients with familial MDD had significantly smaller left hi...... Patients with familial MDD had significantly smaller left hippocampal (p = .007, effect size [d] = .44) and right hippocampal volumes (p = .025, d = .33) than controls. Reduced hippocampal volume may be suggestive of a risk factor for developing MDD. More...
hippocampus	Awata, 1998	patients and normal controls		(patients with major depressive disorder in late life) compa...... (patients with major depressive disorder in late life) compared with 13 age-matched controls, relative rCBF(regional cerebral blood flow) was significantly decreased bilaterally in the hippocampus More...
hippocampus	Videbech, 2001	patients and normal controls		The patients had increased activity of the hippocampus compa...... The patients had increased activity of the hippocampus compared to the healthy controls when corrected for these confounders and the influence of antidepressant medication. More...
hippocampus	Videbech, 2002	patients and normal controls		The total Hamilton score was correlated with the blood flow ...... The total Hamilton score was correlated with the blood flow to the hippocampus. More...
hippocampal volume	MacQueen, 2003	patients and normal controls		Both first- and multiple-episode depressed groups had hippoc...... Both first- and multiple-episode depressed groups had hippocampal dysfunction apparent on several tests of recollection memory; only depressed subjects with multiple depressive episodes had hippocampal volume reductions. More...
hippocampus	MacMillan, 2003	patients and normal controls	left (14%) and right (11%)	Pediatric patients with MDD had significantly larger left (1...... Pediatric patients with MDD had significantly larger left (14%) and right (11%) amygdala:hippocampal volume ratios than controls. More...
hippocampus	Mintun, 2004	patients and normal controls	P-value = 0.004	5-HT(2A) receptor binding in the hippocampus was reduced by ...... 5-HT(2A) receptor binding in the hippocampus was reduced by 29% in depressed subjects (p =.004). More...
hippocampal volumes	Frodl, 2004	patients and normal controls		The subgroup of patients who were nonremitted at the time of...... The subgroup of patients who were nonremitted at the time of the follow-up investigation showed significantly reduced left and right hippocampal volumes at both baseline and the 1-year follow-up compared with remitted patients. More...
hippocampal sections	Stockmeier, 2004	patients and normal controls	18% greater	In MDD, cryostat-cut hippocampal sections shrink in depth a ...... In MDD, cryostat-cut hippocampal sections shrink in depth a significant 18% greater amount than in control subjects More...
hippocampus	Stockmeier, 2004	patients and normal controls	increased by 30%-35% in MDD	The density of pyramidal neurons and glia in all cornv ammon...... The density of pyramidal neurons and glia in all cornv ammonis (CA)/hippocampal subfields is significantly increased by 30%-35% in MDD. More...
hippocampus	Lange, 2004	patients and normal controls	smaller (-12%) hippocampal volumes	Compared with control subjects, depressive subjects had sign...... Compared with control subjects, depressive subjects had significantly smaller (-12%) hippocampal volumes. More...
hippocampal volume	Janssen, 2004	patients and normal controls	2.84 mL vs. 3.12 mL, F = 16.6, P-value < .001	patients had reduced hippocampal volume due to right hippoca...... patients had reduced hippocampal volume due to right hippocampal volume decrease (2.84 mL vs. 3.12 mL, F = 16.6, p < .001) More...
hippocampal volume	Caetano, 2004	patients and normal controls		We found significantly smaller hippocampal volumes bilateral...... We found significantly smaller hippocampal volumes bilaterally in currently depressed patients than in remitted patients. Furthermore, we found a statistically significant inverse correlation between length of illness and left hippocampus volumes More...
hippocampus	Xia, 2004	patients and normal controls		The volume of the bilateral hippocampus was significantly sm...... The volume of the bilateral hippocampus was significantly smaller in the major depression group than that in control group. More...
hippocampus	Saylam, 2006	patients and normal controls	hippocampal volume F=4.43, df=1.45, P-value <0.05; left hippocampus t=1.98, df=46, P-value<0.05	A significant hippocampal volume difference was observed bet...... A significant hippocampal volume difference was observed between the patients and healthy controls (F=4.43, df=1.45, P<0.05). The left hippocampus of patients was significantly lower than those of controls (t=1.98, df=46, P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed a correlation between HAM-D scores and the right hippocampal volume. More...
hippocampus	Alves, 2006	patients and normal controls	left anterior ANOVA, P-value = 0.008 corrected for multiple comparisons; right posterior P-value = 0.005 corrected	Significant rCBF(regional cerebral blood flow) reductions in...... Significant rCBF(regional cerebral blood flow) reductions in MDD-HF(heart failure) patients relative to both non-depressed HF patients and healthy controls were detected in the left anterior parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus (ANOVA, p=0.008 corrected for multiple comparisons) and the right posterior hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus (p=0.005 corrected). More...
hippocampus	Iritani, 2006	animal model		The results showed more VMAT2-immunoreactive varicose fibers...... The results showed more VMAT2-immunoreactive varicose fibers in the pyramidal cell layer of hippocampus and parahippocampal cortexes, and more intense 5HTT-immunoreactivity in the pyramidal cell layer and the area CA4 of hippocampus in the animal models of depression compared to those of the controls. On the other hand, lower density of 5HT1a-immunoreactive deposits in the pyramidal cell layer of hippocampus and the parahippocampal cortex was observed in the animal models of depression compared to those of the controls. More...
hippocampus	Weniger, 2006	patients and normal controls		Depressive subjects had significantly enlarged amygdala size...... Depressive subjects had significantly enlarged amygdala size and significantly reduced hippocampal size compared with controls. More...
hippocampus	Ende, 2007	patients and normal controls		Significantly lower choline-containing compounds in the hipp...... Significantly lower choline-containing compounds in the hippocampus and significantly higher choline-containing compounds in the putamen of patients with MDD compared to healthy subjects were found. More...
hippocampal volumes	Frodl, 2006	patients and normal controls		Hippocampal volumes and frontal lobe volumes were significan...... Hippocampal volumes and frontal lobe volumes were significantly smaller in patients, compared with healthy control subjects. More...
hippocampus	Neumeister, 2006	patients and normal controls		A direct effect of 5-HTTLPR on the regulation of regional ce...... A direct effect of 5-HTTLPR on the regulation of regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose was identified in patients with rMDD for the amygdala, hippocampus, and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. More...
hippocampus	Colla, 2007	patients and normal controls		Hippocampal volumes were significantly reduced in the patien...... Hippocampal volumes were significantly reduced in the patient group even after adjusting for intracranial brain volume (ICV) and age. More...
hippocampus	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus	Frodl, 2007	patients and normal controls	P-value = .02	Patients had significantly smaller hippocampal volumes compa...... Patients had significantly smaller hippocampal volumes compared with controls (P = .02) More...
hippocampus	Bielau, 2007	patients and normal controls		Post hoc tests demonstrated higher neuronal densities in uni...... Post hoc tests demonstrated higher neuronal densities in unipolar patients compared with bipolar patients and controls in hippocampus. More...
hippocampal volume	Maller, 2007	patients and normal controls		MDD results in reduced hippocampal volume, particularly in t...... MDD results in reduced hippocampal volume, particularly in the tail section More...
hippocampal volumes	MacMaster, 2008	patients and normal controls	left hippocampal (P-value = .007, effect size [d] = .44) and right hippocampal volumes (P-value = .025, d = .33)	Patients with familial MDD had significantly smaller left hi...... Patients with familial MDD had significantly smaller left hippocampal (p = .007, effect size [d] = .44) and right hippocampal volumes (p = .025, d = .33) than controls. More...
hippocampal volume	Caetano, 2007	patients and normal controls	1.89 SD = 0.16 cm(3) versus 1.99 SD = 0.18 cm(3), respectively; F=5.0, df=1/39, P-value = 0.03; effect size: eta2(p) =0.11.	Pediatric depressed patients had significantly smaller left ...... Pediatric depressed patients had significantly smaller left hippocampal gray matter volumes compared to healthy controls. More...
hippocampus	Lee, 2008	patients and normal controls		When shown pictures of sad faces, patients with MDD relative...... When shown pictures of sad faces, patients with MDD relative controls showed decreased activations bilaterally in the hippocampus. More...
hippocampal volume	Tae, 2008	patients and normal controls	right manual P-value = 0.019, IBASPM P-value = 0.012; left manual P-value = 0.003, FreeSurfer P-value = 0.010, IBASPM P-value = 0.002	Both measured hippocampal volumes of the patients with MDD w...... Both measured hippocampal volumes of the patients with MDD were significantly smaller than the measured hippocampal volumes of the normal controls (right manual P = 0.019, IBASPM P = 0.012; left manual P = 0.003, FreeSurfer P = 0.010, IBASPM P = 0.002),. More...
hippocampal volumes	Kronmuller, 2008	patients and normal controls		The left and right hippocampal volumes of patients with a de...... The left and right hippocampal volumes of patients with a depression relapse were significantly smaller than those of healthy controls. More...
hippocampus	Frodl, 2008	patients and normal controls		Compared with controls, patients showed significantly more d...... Compared with controls, patients showed significantly more decline in gray matter density of the hippocampus More...
hippocampus	Kaymak, 2010	patients and normal controls		The volumes of the right and left hippocampus of the patient...... The volumes of the right and left hippocampus of the patients were found to be significantly smaller than those of the controls. More...
hippocampus	Zou, 2010	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients showed significant gray matter volume red...... Depressed patients showed significant gray matter volume reduction in the bilateral limbic system, especially in hippocampus. More...
hippocampus	Abe, 2010	patients and normal controls		Local areas showing significant gray matter volume reduction...... Local areas showing significant gray matter volume reduction in depressive patients compared with controls were observed in the hippocampus. Local areas showing an increase of MD (mean diffusivity) in depressive patients were observed in the hippocampus. More...
hippocampal volumes	Rao, 2010	patients and normal controls		Depressed and high-risk groups had significantly smaller lef...... Depressed and high-risk groups had significantly smaller left and right hippocampal volumes than control subjects. More...
hippocampal volumes	Baare, 2010	high-risk people and normal controls	P-value < 0.04	High-risk twins had smaller hippocampal volumes than low-ris...... High-risk twins had smaller hippocampal volumes than low-risk twins (p<0.04). The finding was most pronounced in DZ twins. More...
hippocampus	Cho, 2010	patients and normal controls		T2*-RTs(T2* relaxation time) of hippocampal sub-regions (CA1...... T2*-RTs(T2* relaxation time) of hippocampal sub-regions (CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4, and subiculum) were calculated for both left and right hippocampus.Patients with recurrent MDD had significantly longer T2*-RTs in the right subiculum than those experiencing a first depressive episode, and longer T2*-RTs in the right CA1, CA3, and subiculum than control subjects. More...
hippocampal volumes	Cole, 2010	patients and normal controls	right P-value = 0.001; left P-value = 0.005)	Both right (P=0.001) and left (P=0.005) hippocampal volumes ...... Both right (P=0.001) and left (P=0.005) hippocampal volumes were reduced in patients relative to healthy controls (n=37 patients and n=37 controls), More...
hippocampi	Ottowitz, 2010	patients and normal controls		Brain function evaluated across all three conditions showed ...... Brain function evaluated across all three conditions showed that patients with major depressive disorder revealed activation of both hippocampi. More...
hippocampus	Hamilton, 2010	patients and normal controls		We found that activation in the hippocampus predicted subseq...... We found that activation in the hippocampus predicted subsequent increases in ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) activity in depression. More...
hippocampus	Shelton, 2011	patients and normal controls	P-value < 0.05	The level of GSK-3beta mRNA expression in the hippocampus wa...... The level of GSK-3beta mRNA expression in the hippocampus was significantly increased in the MDD group (n=8) compared with the control group (n=12, p<0.05). More...
hippocampus	Fairhall, 2010	patients and normal controls		The use of a focussed analytical approach and a behavioural ...... The use of a focussed analytical approach and a behavioural task targeted to hippocampal function confirmed the hypothesis that the normal modulation of hippocampal activation by encoding strength is dysregulated in MDD. Further analysis demonstrated that this impairment of function was specific to the hippocampus. More...
hippocampal volume	Dedovic, 2010	high-risk people and normal controls		The high-risk subclinical group also had smaller total HC(hi...... The high-risk subclinical group also had smaller total HC(hippocampal) volume compared with control subjects. More...
hippocampus	Ritchey, 2011	patients and normal controls		Prior to treatment and relative to controls, patients exhibi...... Prior to treatment and relative to controls, patients exhibited diminished discrimination between emotional and neutral items in the amygdala, caudate, and hippocampus. More...
hippocampus	Holsen, 2011	patients and normal controls		fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal intensity changes in...... fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal intensity changes in controls versus MDD in hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, OFC, ACC, and subgenual ACC, findings unrelated to medication status. More...
hippocampus	Klok, 2010	patients and normal controls	P-value < .05	Significantly lower expression levels (30-50%) were detected...... Significantly lower expression levels (30-50%) were detected for MR or GR in hippocampal, inferior frontal gyrus and cingulate gyrus tissue from MDD patients (p < .05) More...
hippocampal volumes	Kanellopoulos, 2011	patients and normal controls		elderly MDD BDNF val/val homozygotes had significantly highe...... elderly MDD BDNF val/val homozygotes had significantly higher right hippocampal volumes compared with nondepressed val/val subjects. More...
hippocampus	Ahdidan, 2011	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients were found to have smaller temporal lobes...... Depressed patients were found to have smaller temporal lobes bilaterally, medulla and right hippocampus at baseline. More...
hippocampus	Gerritsen, 2011	high-risk people	P-value < .05	Participants with early-onset depression had smaller hippoca...... Participants with early-onset depression had smaller hippocampal volumes than those who were never depressed (p < .05) More...
hippocampal function	Sarosi, 2011	patients and normal controls		Relative to controls, patients with depression showed signif...... Relative to controls, patients with depression showed significant impairment on most neurocognitive tasks, but not in tasks measuring visuo-spatial function, which may suggest intact hippocampal function in depression. More...
hippocampus	Deschwanden, 2011	patients and normal controls		The PET study revealed lower levels of regional mGluR5 bindi...... The PET study revealed lower levels of regional mGluR5 binding in the prefrontal cortex, the cingulate cortex, the insula, the thalamus, and the hippocampus in the depression group relative to the comparison group. More...
hippocampi	Lee, 2011	patients and normal controls		Decreased gray matter concentration was found in MDD patient...... Decreased gray matter concentration was found in MDD patients in the bilateral amygdalae, hippocampi, fusiform gyri, lingual gyri, insular gyri, middle-superior temporal gyri, thalami, cingulate gyri, the central lobule of the cerebellum, and the midbrain encompassing the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) More...
hippocampus	Zhang, 2011	patients and normal controls		The MDD patients exhibited increased nodal centralities, pre...... The MDD patients exhibited increased nodal centralities, predominately in the default-mode regions, including the hippocampus. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
hippocampus		rs6438552(rs6438552)	SNP	Inkster, 2009	patients and normal controls	P-value=0.02	Rs6438552, a putative functional intronic SNP that showed 3 ...... Rs6438552, a putative functional intronic SNP that showed 3 significant GM clusters in the right and left superior temporal gyri and the right hippocampus (P < .001, P = .02, and P = .02, respectively, corrected for multiple comparisons across the whole brain). More...
hippocampal volumes		rs1545843(rs1545843)	SNP	Kohli MA, 2011	patients and normal controls	bilateral hippocampal volume (F>15.128, p<1.2e-04, N=204); left group: case- control, genotypes AA vs. AG/GG: F=5.861, P-value = 0.016, right: F=5.686, P-value = 0.018.	We confirmed bilateral hippocampal volume reductions in recu...... We confirmed bilateral hippocampal volume reductions in recurrent depression (F>15.128, p<1.2e-04, N=204) and found a rs1545843 genotype diagnosis interaction effect on both left and right total hippocampal volumes¡£ More...
hippocampus		HTR1A(5-HT(1A))	gene	Lopez-Figueroa, 2004	patients and normal controls		Subjects with MDD have a significant decrease in 5-HT(1A) mR...... Subjects with MDD have a significant decrease in 5-HT(1A) mRNA in the hippocampus More...
hippocampus		SLC6A4(5-HTT)	gene	Frodl, 2004	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.01	Patients with the L/L homozygous genotype had significantly ...... Patients with the L/L homozygous genotype had significantly smaller hippocampal gray matter (left hemisphere: P=.003; right hemisphere: P=.01) and white matter volumes (left hemisphere: P=.001; right hemisphere: P=.002) than controls with this genotype. More...
hippocampus		SLC6A4(5-HTTLPR)	gene	Neumeister, 2006	patients and normal controls		A direct effect of 5-HTTLPR on the regulation of regional ce...... A direct effect of 5-HTTLPR on the regulation of regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose was identified in patients with rMDD for the amygdala, hippocampus, and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. More...
hippocampus		ADCY8(ADCY8)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		ATP1B2(ATP1B2)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		ATP6V1C1(ATP6V1C1)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		CNR2(CNR2)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		CTSB(CTSB)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		ITPR1(ITPR1)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		LEPR(LEPR)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		JAKMIP1(MARLIN1)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		NCAM2(NCAM2)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		NTRK2(NTRK2)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		TBC1D25(OATL1)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		PDE3A(PDE3A)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		PPM1A(PPM1A)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		PPM1K(PPM1K)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		PRKAR2B(PRKAR2B)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		PTP4A2(PTP4A2)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		SMS(SMS)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		SAT2(SSAT2)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		SV2B(SV2B)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		SYNPO2(SYNPO2)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		SYT4(SYT4)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		PPTC7(TA-PP2C)	gene	Sequeira, 2007	patients and normal controls		Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus Selected differentially expressed genes in hippocampus
hippocampus		BDNF(BDNF)	gene	Frodl, 2007	patients and normal controls	P-value=0.006	Significantly smaller hippocampal volumes were observed for ...... Significantly smaller hippocampal volumes were observed for patients and for controls carrying the Met-BDNF allele compared with subjects homozygous for the Val-BDNF allele (P = .006). More...
hippocampus		NR3C1(NR3C1)	gene	Zobel, 2008	patients and normal controls		In patients, diagnosis-related alleles were also associated ...... In patients, diagnosis-related alleles were also associated to hippocampal volume reduction and amygdala volume variation. More...
hippocampus		SLC6A4(5-HTTLPR)	gene	Frodl, 2008	patients and normal controls		We found that healthy controls have a strong association bet...... We found that healthy controls have a strong association between the 5-HTTLPR and GM volumes of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left anterior gyrus cinguli, left amygdala as well as right hippocampus, whereas there is no such association in patients with major depression. More...
hippocampal gray		SLC6A4(serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR))	gene	Frodl, 2008	patients and normal controls		Patients with the La/La genotype had significantly smaller h...... Patients with the La/La genotype had significantly smaller hippocampal gray and white matter than La/La controls. More...
hippocampus		SLC6A4(5-HTTLPR)	gene	Frodl, 2008	patients and normal controls		Patients with the La/La genotype had significantly smaller h...... Patients with the La/La genotype had significantly smaller hippocampal gray and white matter than La/La controls. Moreover, within the patient group the La/La homozygous genotype had significantly smaller hippocampal white matter volumes than the La/(Lg + S) or (Lg + S)/(Lg + S) genotype. More...
hippocampus		GSK3B(glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta))	gene	Inkster, 2009	patients and normal controls	P-value=0.02	Rs6438552 in this gene showed 3 significant GM clusters in t...... Rs6438552 in this gene showed 3 significant GM clusters in the right and left superior temporal gyri and the right hippocampus (P < .001, P = .02, and P = .02, respectively, corrected for multiple comparisons across the whole brain). More...
hippocampal volumes		SLC6A4(serotonin transporter gene)	gene	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Patients carrying the risk S-allele developed smaller hippoc...... Patients carrying the risk S-allele developed smaller hippocampal volumes when they had a history of emotional neglect compared with patients who only had one risk factor (environmental or genetic). I More...
hippocampus		SLC6A4(SLC6A4)	gene	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Patients carrying the risk S-allele developed smaller hippoc...... Patients carrying the risk S-allele developed smaller hippocampal volumes when they had a history of emotional neglect compared with patients who only had one risk factor (environmental or genetic) More...
hippocampal volumes		SLC6A4(5-HTTLPR)	gene	Eker, 2011	patients and normal controls		The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism has an effect on hippocampal volum...... The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism has an effect on hippocampal volumes of depressed patients, which is apparent only in S/S genotype. More...
hippocampal volumes		BDNF(BDNF)	gene	Kanellopoulos, 2011	patients and normal controls		elderly MDD BDNF val/val homozygotes had significantly highe...... elderly MDD BDNF val/val homozygotes had significantly higher right hippocampal volumes compared with nondepressed val/val subjects. More...
hippocampus		P2RX7(P2X7 receptor)	gene	Boucher, 2011	animal model		c-Fos expression in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and...... c-Fos expression in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and in the basolateral amygdala was seen in WT mice but not P2X7(-/-) mice following repeated forced swim. More...
hippocampus		BICC1(BICC1)	gene	Bermingham R, 2012	patients and normal controls		Right hippocampal bodies of patients and controls without a ...... Right hippocampal bodies of patients and controls without a history of ELA and who carry the protective T-allele of BICC1 were significantly larger compared with those participants homozygous for the major C-allele of BICC1. However, MDD patients with ELA, who carry the T-allele, had smaller hippocampal head volumes compared with MDD patients without ELA. More...
hippocampus		Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A(monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A))	protein	Meyer, 2006	patients and normal controls		The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly sign...... The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly significantly elevated in hippocampus. More...
hippocampus		Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 2(TPH2)	protein	Haghighi, 2008	patients and normal controls		Here, we identify a novel TPH2 short isoform with truncated ...... Here, we identify a novel TPH2 short isoform with truncated catalytic domain expressed in human brainstem, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. More...
hippocampus		Erythropoietin(erythropoietin (Epo))	protein	Miskowiak, 2009	patients only		Erythropoietin (Epo) reduced neural response to negative vs....... Erythropoietin (Epo) reduced neural response to negative vs. positive pictures 3 days post-administration in a network of areas including the hippocampus, ventromedial prefrontal and parietal cortex. More...
hippocampal volumes		Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)	protein	Eker, 2010	patients and normal controls	P-value = 0.02	sBDNF levels and hippocampal volumes correlated only in the ...... sBDNF levels and hippocampal volumes correlated only in the MDD group (right: r = 0.46, P = 0.02; left: r = 0.47, P = 0.02) More...
hippocampus		Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)	protein	Schmidt HD, 2010	animal model		Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was increased after chronic, ...... Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was increased after chronic, peripheral BDNF administration More...
hippocampus		Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)	protein	Ye Y, 2011	animal model		CUMS produced decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA...... CUMS produced decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and increased s100 calcium binding protein b (s100b) expression in rat hippocampus, which were partially rescued by BDNF administration More...
Hippocampus		Corticosterone(corticosterone)	molecule	Murray, 2008	animal model		Chronic (14 days) but not acute treatment with corticosteron...... Chronic (14 days) but not acute treatment with corticosterone resulted in reduced hippocampal cell proliferation and granule cell layer volume More...
hippocampus		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Hinkelmann, 2009	patients and normal controls		In depressed patients, but not in healthy control subjects, ...... In depressed patients, but not in healthy control subjects, we found a negative correlation between salivary cortisol levels (area under the curve) and hippocampus-related neuropsychological domains (verbal memory, visuospatial memory) and executive function. More...
hippocampus		Flutamide(flutamide)	molecule	Zhang, 2010	animal model		Three lines of evidence indicate neonatal flutamide treatmen...... Three lines of evidence indicate neonatal flutamide treatment inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis and neuronal dendritic spine formation in preadolescent male rats. More...
hippocampal volumes		Serotonin(serotonin)	molecule	Eker, 2011	patients and normal controls		It seems that decreased neurogenesis by effects of reduced s...... It seems that decreased neurogenesis by effects of reduced serotoninergic transmission may be responsible for smaller hippocampal volumes observed in S/S homozygous depressed patients. More...
hippocampus		Aldosterone(aldosterone)	molecule	Hlavacova, 2011	animal model		Aldosterone treatment resulted in transcriptional changes of...... Aldosterone treatment resulted in transcriptional changes of genes in the hippocampus involved in inflammation, glutamatergic activity, and synaptic and neuritic remodelling. More...
limbic (hippocampal) regions		P200(P200)	neurobiological system	Kemp, 2009	patients and normal controls		P200 alterations were localised to limbic (hippocampal), tem...... P200 alterations were localised to limbic (hippocampal), temporal and ventral prefrontal regions, key components of the signal detection network. More...
hippocampus		Right amygdala(right amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Hamilton, 2008	patients and normal controls		The right amygdala was more active and showed greater functi...... The right amygdala was more active and showed greater functional connectivity with the hippocampus and caudate-putamen in depressed than in control participants during encoding of subsequently remembered negative but not neutral or positive stimuli. More...
hippocampus		ventral anterior cingulate(ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC))	brain morphology and function	Hamilton, 2010	patients and normal controls		We found that activation in the hippocampus predicted subseq...... We found that activation in the hippocampus predicted subsequent increases in ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) activity in depression, activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and vACC were mutually reinforcing in MDD. More...
hippocampus		anhedonic-like behavior from animal model(anhedonic-like behavior)	cognition and behavior	Qi X, 2009	animal model		The inhibition of the ERK pathway in dorsal hippocampus resu...... The inhibition of the ERK pathway in dorsal hippocampus resulted in anhedonia and anxiety-like behavior More...
hippocampus		Anxiety-like behaviors from animal model(anxiety-like behavior)	cognition and behavior	Qi X, 2009	animal model		The inhibition of the ERK pathway in dorsal hippocampus resu...... The inhibition of the ERK pathway in dorsal hippocampus resulted in anhedonia and anxiety-like behavior More...
hippocampal volumes		Verbal memory(verbal memory)	cognition and behavior	Hickie, 2005	patients and normal controls		Reduced hippocampal volumes were associated with deficits in...... Reduced hippocampal volumes were associated with deficits in visual and verbal memory performance. More...
hippocampal volumes		Visual memory(visual memory)	cognition and behavior	Hickie, 2005	patients and normal controls		Reduced hippocampal volumes were associated with deficits in...... Reduced hippocampal volumes were associated with deficits in visual and verbal memory performance. More...
hippocampal volumes		Executive functions(executive dysfunctions)	cognition and behavior	Frodl, 2006	patients and normal controls		lower hippocampal volumes were correlated with poorer perfor...... lower hippocampal volumes were correlated with poorer performance in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The present findings emphasize that patients with reduced hippocampal volumes show more executive dysfunctions than their counterparts. More...
hippocampus		Executive functions(executive performance)	cognition and behavior	Vasic, 2008	patients and normal controls		depressive psychopathology and worse performance during the ...... depressive psychopathology and worse performance during the WCST were associated with decreased GMV (gray matter volume) of the hippocampus. More...
hippocampus		Memory(memory)	cognition and behavior	Kaymak, 2010	patients and normal controls		The performance of the patients only in the recollection mem...... The performance of the patients only in the recollection memory and memory of reward-associated rules were positively correlated with hippocampal volumes. More...
hippocampus		Irritability(increased irritability)	symptoms	Qi X, 2009	animal model		The inhibition of the ERK pathway in dorsal hippocampus resu...... The inhibition of the ERK pathway in dorsal hippocampus resulted in anhedonia and anxiety-like behavior More...
hippocampus		Increased agitation(anxiety)	symptoms	MacMillan, 2003	patients and normal controls		Increased left and right amygdala:hippocampal volume ratios ...... Increased left and right amygdala:hippocampal volume ratios were associated with increased severity of anxiety but not increased severity of depression or duration of illness. More...
hippocampal response		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Lawrence, 2004	patients and normal controls		Depression severity correlated positively with hippocampal r...... Depression severity correlated positively with hippocampal response to mild sadness in both patient groups. More...
hippocampal volumes		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Hickie, 2005	patients and normal controls		Reduced hippocampal volumes occurred in older people with de...... Reduced hippocampal volumes occurred in older people with depression, those with both early-onset and late-onset disorders and those with the melancholic subtype. More...
hippocampus		Increased agitation(anxiety)	symptoms	Weniger, 2006	patients and normal controls		Smaller left hippocampal volumes of depressive subjects were...... Smaller left hippocampal volumes of depressive subjects were related to higher anxiety scores as well. More...
hippocampus		Depressed mood(depressive psychopathology)	symptoms	Vasic, 2008	patients and normal controls		depressive psychopathology and worse performance during the ...... depressive psychopathology and worse performance during the WCST were associated with decreased GMV (gray matter volume) of the hippocampus. More...
hippocampus		Suicide(suicide)	symptoms	Klempan, 2009	patients and normal controls		The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of multiple transcripts of Q...... The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of multiple transcripts of QKI were revealing significant reduced in 11 cortical regions and the hippocampus and amygdala of suicide victims compared with control subjects. More...
hippocampus		Stress(stress)	environment	Garcia-Garcia AL, 2009	animal model		CMS induced an increase of glutamate and a decrease of GABA,...... CMS induced an increase of glutamate and a decrease of GABA, the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) in both areas and led to upregulation of EAAT1 in the hippocampus More...
hippocampus		Stress(stress)	environment	Li HC, 2007	animal model		Nitric oxide contents in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus w...... Nitric oxide contents in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were significantly higher More...
hippocampus		Social defeat(social defeat)	environment	Turner, 2008	animal model		Molecular components of the FGF system were significantly do...... Molecular components of the FGF system were significantly downregulated following social defeat. Specifically, FGF2 and FGFR1 mRNA expression was decreased in various subfields of the hippocampus More...
hippocampus		Life events(major life events)	environment	Kronmuller, 2008	patients and normal controls		A significant negative correlation between major life events...... A significant negative correlation between major life events three month before the onset of depression and the left hippocampal volume was found for male patients. More...
hippocampal volumes		Life events(early-life adversity)	environment	Rao, 2010	patients and normal controls		Higher levels of early-life adversity were associated with s...... Higher levels of early-life adversity were associated with smaller hippocampal volumes.Smaller hippocampal volume partially mediated the effect of early-life adversity on depression during longitudinal follow-up. More...
hippocampus		Stress(stress)	environment	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		In patients, childhood stress also predicted further hippoca...... In patients, childhood stress also predicted further hippocampal white matter alterations independently from the genotype More...

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Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.

Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

2. User can drag the nodes to rearrange the layout of the network. Click the node will enter the report page of the node. Right-click will show also the menus to link to the report page of the node and remove the node and related edges. Hover the node will show the level of the node and hover the edge will show the evidence/description of the edge.
3. The network is generated using Cytoscape Web

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
hippocampus	Frodl, 2004	patients and normal controls		No significant hippocampal and amygdala volume changes were ...... No significant hippocampal and amygdala volume changes were observed in patients or controls between baseline and 1-year follow-up investigations. More...
hippocampus	Rosso, 2005	patients and normal controls		Hippocampus volumes did not differ between the groups. Hippocampus volumes did not differ between the groups.

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
hippocampal volume		SLC6A4(5HTTLPR)	gene	Cole, 2011	patients and normal controls		Hippocampal volume normalized by intracranial volume (ICV) s...... Hippocampal volume normalized by intracranial volume (ICV) showed no significant difference between 5HTTLPR S allele carriers and L/L homozygotes or between BDNF Met allele carriers and Val/Val homozygotes in the group of healthy individuals. More...
hippocampal volume		BDNF(BDNF)	gene	Cole, 2011	patients and normal controls		Hippocampal volume normalized by intracranial volume (ICV) s...... Hippocampal volume normalized by intracranial volume (ICV) showed no significant difference between 5HTTLPR S allele carriers and L/L homozygotes or between BDNF Met allele carriers and Val/Val homozygotes in the group of healthy individuals. More...
hippocampal volumes		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Colla, 2007	patients and normal controls		In patients, severity of disease (baseline HAMD scores) and ...... In patients, severity of disease (baseline HAMD scores) and baseline cortisol levels were not related to hippocampal volumes. More...
hippocampal volumes		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Frodl, 2006	patients and normal controls		No significant correlations were found between hippocampal v...... No significant correlations were found between hippocampal volumes and RAVLT performance or severity of depression. More...