Molecule Report

Name	Hydrocortisone
Description	The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
MeSH ID	D006854
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	67(66/1)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
cortisol	Weizman, 1988	patients and normal controls		A blunted response followed by a decrease (33%) in serum cor...... A blunted response followed by a decrease (33%) in serum cortisol levels was observed in depressed patients 5 h after drug (serotonin agonistic agent fenfluramine) administration while an increase of 94% was obtained in controls after 3 h. More...
cortisol	Gotthardt, 1995	patients and normal controls		Basal hypercortisolemia and, at baseline, heart rates were h...... Basal hypercortisolemia and, at baseline, heart rates were higher in depressed patients. More...
cortisol	Yehuda, 1993	patients and normal controls		The mean 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion was significantl...... The mean 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion was significantly higher in patients with major depression and bipolar mania than in those in the other diagnostic groups. More...
cortisol	Croes, 1993	patients and normal controls		cortisol decreased after both controllable and uncontrollabl...... cortisol decreased after both controllable and uncontrollable stress in the acutely depressed group More...
cortisol	Levitan, 2002	patients and normal controls	P-value < 0.01	After the 0.50-mg dexamethasone challenge, mean suppression ...... After the 0.50-mg dexamethasone challenge, mean suppression of morning cortisol was significantly greater in patients with atypical depression (91.9%, standard deviation [SD] 6.8%) than in the controls (78.3%, SD 10.7%; p < 0.01). More...
cortisol	Antonijevic, 2003	patients and normal controls		Nocturnal cortisol secretion was increased in postmenopausal...... Nocturnal cortisol secretion was increased in postmenopausal patients with depression, while a decrease was noted in postmenopausal controls. More...
cortisol	Jozuka, 2003	patients and normal controls		Compared with controls, NK-cell activity and levels of corti...... Compared with controls, NK-cell activity and levels of cortisol and DHEA were reduced in patients with major depression, whereas IL-2 levels were increased. More...
cortisol	Mathew, 2003	patients and normal controls		Of the subjects who had experienced at least one lifetime ma...... Of the subjects who had experienced at least one lifetime major depressive episode during the follow-up period, the subgroup who would go on to make suicide attempts during the follow-up period secreted significantly greater levels of cortisol in the 4, 6, and 12 h prior to sleep onset. More...
cortisol	Sarandol, 2003	patients and normal controls		All cortisol responses were found to be significantly higher...... All cortisol responses were found to be significantly higher in the patient group during depression period compared to the control group except at 16:00 before dexamethasone. More...
cortisol	Bhagwagar, 2003	patients and normal controls		The increase in salivary cortisol levels that followed wakin...... The increase in salivary cortisol levels that followed waking was significantly higher in the patients. More...
cortisol	Dinan, 2004	patients and normal controls		The mean +/- S.E.M. cortisol response in the depressives was...... The mean +/- S.E.M. cortisol response in the depressives was 261.8 +/- 46.5 nmol/l and in the healthy subjects was 107.3 +/- 26.1 nmol/l (P < 0.01). More...
cortisol	Rao, 2004	patients only		Compared to the depressed state, NUFC (nocturnal urinary fre...... Compared to the depressed state, NUFC (nocturnal urinary free cortisol ) was significantly lower during remission. More...
cortisol	Ferrari, 2004	patients and normal controls		The trend towards the increase of the nocturnal cortisol lev...... The trend towards the increase of the nocturnal cortisol levels was also evident in old subjects with major depression. More...
cortisol	Posener, 2004	patients and normal controls		the depressed men had significantly increased cortisol ApEn ...... the depressed men had significantly increased cortisol ApEn (approximate entropy) and significantly decreased ACTH ApEn compared with the healthy subjects. More...
cortisol	Koenigsberg, 2004	patients and normal controls		The depressed patients had phase advanced circadian rhythms ...... The depressed patients had phase advanced circadian rhythms for cortisol, norepinephrine and MHPG, phase advanced hemicircadian rhythms for cortisol and prolactin, and a phase advanced ultradian rhythm for prolactin compared to healthy control subjects. More...
cortisol	O'Brien, 2004	patients and normal controls		Depressed subjects had hypercortisolemia (53% increase in ar...... Depressed subjects had hypercortisolemia (53% increase in area under the curve) and a reduction in right hippocampal volume (6% decrease). More...
cortisol	Brouwer, 2005	patients and normal controls	P-value = 0.01	In atypical depression, serum cortisol was lower than in non...... In atypical depression, serum cortisol was lower than in non-atypical depression (P = 0.01). More...
cortisol	Forbes, 2006	patients and normal controls		Adolescents with depression had marginally higher peri-sleep...... Adolescents with depression had marginally higher peri-sleep-onset cortisol than control adolescents and significantly higher peri-sleep-onset cortisol than children with depression. More...
cortisol	Appelhof, 2006	patients only		Posttreatment maximal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and...... Posttreatment maximal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and maximal cortisol levels, as well as delta ACTH and delta cortisol levels, were significantly higher (all p < .05) among patients who relapsed (n = 22) compared with patients in whom no relapse occurred (n = 23). More...
cortisol	Pavon, 2006	patients and normal controls		The MDD subjects showed higher levels of cortisol and TNF-al...... The MDD subjects showed higher levels of cortisol and TNF-alpha, More...
cortisol	Duval, 2006	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.004	Compared with controls, patients showed lower adrenocorticot...... Compared with controls, patients showed lower adrenocorticotropin and cortisol response to apomorphine (p<0.015 and <0.004, respectively) More...
cortisol	Young, 2006	high-risk people and normal controls		Children with MDD parents showed higher cortisol basally and...... Children with MDD parents showed higher cortisol basally and higher cortisol after both 25 mg and 5 mg dexamethasone. More...
cortisol	Kennedy, 2006	patients and normal controls		Comparisons between patients with MDD and controls showed si...... Comparisons between patients with MDD and controls showed significantly lower neutral-state mu-opioid receptor BP in patients with MDD in the posterior thalamus, correlating with corticotropin and cortisol plasma levels. More...
cortisol	Ising, 2007	patients and normal controls		We found increased ACTH and cortisol responses to the first...... We found increased ACTH and cortisol responses to the first DEX/CRH test compared with healthy control subjects. More...
cortisol	Bremmer, 2007	patients and normal controls	B CORT = -9.50 [SE 3.85] P-value = 0.014; B CORT(2) = 0.008 [SE .003] P-value = 0.021	The association between cortisol and major depression was U-...... The association between cortisol and major depression was U-shaped (B CORT = -9.50 [SE 3.85] p = .014; B CORT(2) = .008 [SE .003] p = .021). More...
cortisol	Aihara, 2007	patients only		75% of unmedicated MDD patients exhibited a heightened corti...... 75% of unmedicated MDD patients exhibited a heightened cortisol response to the combined dexamethasone (DEX)/corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test. More...
cortisol	Heim, 2008	patients and normal controls		Men with childhood trauma histories exhibited increases in A...... Men with childhood trauma histories exhibited increases in ACTH and cortisol responses to dexamethasone/CRF compared with non-abused men. In particular, abused men with current MDD showed increased responsiveness compared with control subjects and depressed men without childhood abuse experience More...
cortisol	Ahrens, 2008	patients and normal controls		Morning saliva cortisol concentrations were lower in remitte...... Morning saliva cortisol concentrations were lower in remitted patients, paralleled by lower serum cortisol concentrations before stress testing. More...
cortisol	Rao, 2008	patients and normal controls		Compared with control subjects, depressed subjects showed mo...... Compared with control subjects, depressed subjects showed more elevated and prolonged cortisol secretion in response to Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). More...
cortisol	Hernandez, 2008	patients and normal controls		Before treatment we found high levels of cortisol, IL-4, IL-...... Before treatment we found high levels of cortisol, IL-4, IL-13 (Th2) and IL-10 in MDD patients when compared with healthy volunteers. More...
cortisol	Rao, 2008	patients and normal controls		Compared with controls, depressed adolescents had significan...... Compared with controls, depressed adolescents had significantly elevated NUFC (nocturnal urinary free cortisol) excretion. More...
cortisol	Rao, 2009	high-risk people and normal controls		Compared with normal controls, adolescents at high risk for ...... Compared with normal controls, adolescents at high risk for depression had shorter latency to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, increased phasic REM sleep, more REM sleep and elevated nocturnal urinary-free cortisol (NUFC) excretion at baseline. More...
cortisol	Vreeburg, 2009	patients and normal controls		Evening cortisol levels were higher among the current MDD gr...... Evening cortisol levels were higher among the current MDD group at 10 pm but not at 11 pm. More...
cortisol	Hinkelmann, 2009	patients and normal controls		Compared with healthy subjects, patients had significantly h...... Compared with healthy subjects, patients had significantly higher cortisol levels and were impaired in verbal memory, visuospatial memory, working memory, and selective attention. More...
cortisol	Buckley, 2010	patients and normal controls	P-value=0.026	Phase angle (phase angle between cortisol acrophase and dim-...... Phase angle (phase angle between cortisol acrophase and dim-light melatonin onset) was significantly increased in MDD's versus healthy controls (13.40+/-1.61h. versus 11.61+/-1.66h, p=0.026). More...
cortisol	Klatzkin, 2010	patients and normal controls		only in women with histories of MDD did PMDD women have lowe...... only in women with histories of MDD did PMDD women have lower cortisol concentrations than non-PMDD women More...
cortisol	Scharnholz, 2010	patients and normal controls		During the acute episode depressed patients showed increased...... During the acute episode depressed patients showed increased levels of night-time cortisol excretion compared to healthy controls. More...
cortisol	Cizza, 2010	patients and normal controls		In cross-correlation analyses, the relationship between cort...... In cross-correlation analyses, the relationship between corticotropin and cortisol concentrations was stronger in women with MDD than in control subjects, a finding consistent with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation in MDD. More...
cortisol	Vreeburg, 2010	high-risk people		As compared with unaffected participants without parental hi...... As compared with unaffected participants without parental history, unaffected individuals with diagnosed parental history of depression or anxiety showed a significantly higher cortisol awakening curve (effect size (d) = 0.50), which was similar to that observed in the participants with depression or anxiety disorders. More...
cortisol	Dedovic, 2010	high-risk people and normal controls		The high-risk subclinical group also showed a lower area-und...... The high-risk subclinical group also showed a lower area-under-the-curve increase of cortisol levels after awakening compared with control subjects. More...
cortisol	Jabben, 2011	patients and normal controls		Unipolar depressive disorder (UP) patients showed a higher i...... Unipolar depressive disorder (UP) patients showed a higher increase over time in the cortisol awakening response (CAR). More...
cortisol	Lopes, 2012	patients and normal controls		MDD patients with or without previous trauma had similarly l...... MDD patients with or without previous trauma had similarly lower salivary cortisol. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
cortisol		COMT(catechol-o-methyltransferase)	gene	Jabbi, 2007	patients and normal controls		Interactions between catechol-o-methyltransferase polymorphi...... Interactions between catechol-o-methyltransferase polymorphism and diagnostic group in measures of plasma epinephrine, cortisol and subjective responses to psychological stress were also found More...
cortisol		ADRA2A(ADRA2A)	gene	Haefner S, 2008	patients only	F = 6.4, d.f. = 2, p = 0.003	Male ADRA2A -1291G allele homozygotes showed significant pre...... Male ADRA2A -1291G allele homozygotes showed significant pretreatment HPA axis hyperactivity, with increased adrenocorticotropin (ACTH; F = 4.9, d.f. = 2, p = 0.009) and cortisol responses (F = 6.4, d.f. = 2, p = 0.003). More...
cortisol		ADRB2(ADRB2)	gene	Haefner S, 2008	patients only	F = 8.95, d.f. = 2, p = 0.000	female ADRB2 Arg/Arg homozygotes had increased pretreatment...... female ADRB2 Arg/Arg homozygotes had increased pretreatment ACTH (F = 7.17, d.f. = 2, p = 0.001) and cortisol (F = 8.95, d.f. = 2, p = 0.000) levels. More...
cortisol		SLC6A4(5-HTT)	gene	Chen, 2009	patients and normal controls		We found 5-HTTLPR to be significantly associated with diurna...... We found 5-HTTLPR to be significantly associated with diurnal cortisol levels More...
cortisol		Somatotropin(growth hormone (GH))	protein	Schmid, 2008	patients only		Cortisol increased duration and intensity of non-REM sleep i...... Cortisol increased duration and intensity of non-REM sleep in particular in male patients and stimulated GH release. More...
cortisol		Leptin(leptin)	protein	Cizza, 2010	patients and normal controls		Mean leptin concentration was inversely related to cortisol ...... Mean leptin concentration was inversely related to cortisol and adiponectin concentrations, both in subjects with depression and in control subjects. More...
cortisol		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	Price, 1998	patients only		The cortisol response to i.v. TRP (tryptophan) was significa...... The cortisol response to i.v. TRP (tryptophan) was significantly greater during TRP depletion than during sham depletion. More...
cortisol		Cholesterol(cholesterol)	molecule	Papakostas, 2003	patients only		MDD patients with elevated cholesterol levels were more like...... MDD patients with elevated cholesterol levels were more likely to demonstrate an attenuated cortisol response. More...
cortisol		Serotonergic system(serotonergic system)	neurobiological system	Weizman, 1988	patients and normal controls		A blunted response followed by a decrease (33%) in serum cor...... A blunted response followed by a decrease (33%) in serum cortisol levels was observed in depressed patients 5 h after drug (serotonin agonistic agent fenfluramine) administration while an increase of 94% was obtained in controls after 3 h. More...
cortisol		Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep(rapid eye movement (REM) sleep)	neurobiological system	Staner, 2003	patients only		Post-DXM cortisol escape and sleep architecture disturbances...... Post-DXM cortisol escape and sleep architecture disturbances (consisting of a shortening of REMS latency and a decreased SWS) identified patients belonging to cluster II (n=39). Our results suggest that different biological dysfunctions could each underlie particular neuroendocrine and sleep EEG disturbances in major depression. More...
cortisol		Slow wave sleep (SWS)(slow wave sleep (SWS))	neurobiological system	Staner, 2003	patients only		Post-DXM cortisol escape and sleep architecture disturbances...... Post-DXM cortisol escape and sleep architecture disturbances (consisting of a shortening of REMS latency and a decreased SWS) identified patients belonging to cluster II (n=39). Our results suggest that different biological dysfunctions could each underlie particular neuroendocrine and sleep EEG disturbances in major depression. More...
cortisol		Cholinergic system(cholinergic systems)	neurobiological system	Rao, 2004	patients only		The results also suggest that the central cholinergic system...... The results also suggest that the central cholinergic system(s) that regulate(s) REM sleep may be more sensitive to dysregulation than the cholinergic system(s) that control(s) nocturnal cortisol secretion. More...
cortisol		Non rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep(non rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep)	neurobiological system	Schmid, 2008	patients only		Cortisol increased duration and intensity of non-REM sleep i...... Cortisol increased duration and intensity of non-REM sleep in particular in male patients and stimulated GH release. More...
cortisol		Non rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep(higher NonREM sigma power)	neurobiological system	Friess, 2008	patients and normal controls		Dexamethasone suppressed cortisol levels were positively ass...... Dexamethasone suppressed cortisol levels were positively associated with higher NonREM sigma power after merging the three groups. More...
cortisol		rostral anterior cingulate(rostral ACC)	brain morphology and function	Treadway, 2009	patients and normal controls		Rostral ACC volume was inversely correlated with both cortis...... Rostral ACC volume was inversely correlated with both cortisol and early adverse events. More...
cortisol		Hippocampus(hippocampus)	brain morphology and function	Hinkelmann, 2009	patients and normal controls		In depressed patients, but not in healthy control subjects, ...... In depressed patients, but not in healthy control subjects, we found a negative correlation between salivary cortisol levels (area under the curve) and hippocampus-related neuropsychological domains (verbal memory, visuospatial memory) and executive function. More...
cortisol		Psychomotor performance(psychomotor speed performance)	cognition and behavior	Gomez, 2006	patients and normal controls		PMDs(psychotic major depression) had elevated mean cortisol ...... PMDs(psychotic major depression) had elevated mean cortisol levels from 1800 to 0100 hours which were significantly correlated with poorer verbal memory and psychomotor speed performance. More...
cortisol		Verbal memory(verbal memory)	cognition and behavior	Gomez, 2006	patients and normal controls		PMDs(psychotic major depression) had elevated mean cortisol ...... PMDs(psychotic major depression) had elevated mean cortisol levels from 1800 to 0100 hours which were significantly correlated with poorer verbal memory More...
cortisol		Working memory(working memory)	cognition and behavior	Gomez, 2006	patients and normal controls		Cortisol slopes from 1800 to 0100 hours were also significan...... Cortisol slopes from 1800 to 0100 hours were also significantly correlated with working memory. More...
cortisol		Autobiographical memory(impaired autobiographical memory retrieval)	cognition and behavior	Schlosser, 2010	patients and normal controls		After hydrocortisone intake, healthy subjects reported signi...... After hydrocortisone intake, healthy subjects reported significantly fewer specific memories on the AMT(autobiographical memory testing) compared to placebo treatment. More...
cortisol		Sleep disturbances(sleep architecture disturbances)	symptoms	Staner, 2003	patients only		Post-DXM cortisol escape and sleep architecture disturbances...... Post-DXM cortisol escape and sleep architecture disturbances (consisting of a shortening of REMS latency and a decreased SWS) identified patients belonging to cluster II (n=39). Our results suggest that different biological dysfunctions could each underlie particular neuroendocrine and sleep EEG disturbances in major depression. More...
cortisol		Suicide(suicide intent)	symptoms	Mathew, 2003	patients and normal controls		Adolescents who are at risk to make suicide attempts appear ...... Adolescents who are at risk to make suicide attempts appear to display significant elevations of cortisol prior to sleep onset, a time when the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is normally most quiescent. More...
cortisol		Depressed mood(melancholic)	symptoms	Kaestner, 2005	patients and normal controls		ACTH and cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated...... ACTH and cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated on admission in the melancholic but not the non-melancholic subgroup. More...
cortisol		Psychotic symptoms(psychosis)	symptoms	Keller, 2006	patients and normal controls		Patients with depression with (PMD) and without (NPMD) psych...... Patients with depression with (PMD) and without (NPMD) psychosis and healthy control subjects were studied. PMDs had higher cortisol during the evening hours than did NPMDs or control subjects, who did not differ from one another. More...
cortisol		Psychotic symptoms(psychotic major depression)	symptoms	Gomez, 2006	patients and normal controls		PMDs(psychotic major depression) had elevated mean cortisol ...... PMDs(psychotic major depression) had elevated mean cortisol levels from 1800 to 0100 hours which were significantly correlated with poorer verbal memory and psychomotor speed performance. More...
cortisol		Psychotic symptoms(somatoform dissociative symptoms)	symptoms	Bob, 2008	patients only	r=-0.40; P-value=0.014	The results show that cortisol as an index of HPA axis funct...... The results show that cortisol as an index of HPA axis functioning manifests significant relationship to somatoform dissociative symptoms (r=-0.40; p=0.014). More...
cortisol		Suicide(suicidal intent)	symptoms	Lindqvist, 2008	patients only		There was a significant negative correlation between suicida...... There was a significant negative correlation between suicidal intent and post Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) cortisol in patients with MDD. More...
cortisol		Psychotic symptoms(psychiatric symptoms)	symptoms	Lindqvist, 2008	patients and normal controls		Low cortisol levels at follow-up were associated with severe...... Low cortisol levels at follow-up were associated with severe psychiatric symptoms. More...
cortisol		Suicide(suicide attempters)	symptoms	Lindqvist, 2008	patients and normal controls		At follow-up, evening salivary cortisol was lower in suicide...... At follow-up, evening salivary cortisol was lower in suicide attempters compared to controls. More...
cortisol		Psychotic symptoms(dissociative symptoms)	symptoms	Bob, 2008	patients only		The results show that prolactin and cortisol as indices of H...... The results show that prolactin and cortisol as indices of HPA axis functioning manifest significant relationship to dissociative symptoms. More...
cortisol		Increased agitation(anxiety)	symptoms	Vreeburg, 2009	patients and normal controls		Most depression characteristics were not associated with hyp...... Most depression characteristics were not associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity except for comorbid anxiety, which tended to be associated with a higher cortisol awakening response. More...
cortisol		Child abuse(child abuse)	environment	Newport, 2004	patients and normal controls		In the low-dose DST(dexamethasone suppression tests), depre...... In the low-dose DST(dexamethasone suppression tests), depressed women with a history of abuse exhibited greater cortisol suppression than any comparator group and greater corticotropin suppression than healthy volunteers or nondepressed abuse survivors. More...
cortisol		Physical exercise(exercise)	environment	Kiive, 2004	patients and normal controls		Plasma growth hormone and cortisol levels increased signific...... Plasma growth hormone and cortisol levels increased significantly during physical exercise in both patients and controls and returned to baseline in 90 min. More...
cortisol		Season(spring)	environment	Sher, 2005	patients only	df=132, t=2.16, P-value=0.03	Baseline cortisol levels were significantly higher in the Sp...... Baseline cortisol levels were significantly higher in the Spring/Fall group compared to the Winter/Summer group (14.1+/-4.5 ng/ml vs. 12.5+/-4.4 ng/ml, df=132, t=2.16, p=0.03). More...
cortisol		Stress(chronic family stress)	environment	Ronsaville, 2006	high-risk people		cortisol responses were negatively related to chronic family...... cortisol responses were negatively related to chronic family stress More...
cortisol		Stress(stressful life events)	environment	Hikichi, 2007	patients only		SLEs(stressful life events) were significantly negatively as...... SLEs(stressful life events) were significantly negatively associated with cortisol AUC at the time of admission. More...
cortisol		Child abuse(childhood maltreatment)	environment	Carpenter, 2007	normal people		Compared with CTLs(without childhood maltreatment), MAL(chil...... Compared with CTLs(without childhood maltreatment), MAL(childhood maltreatment) subjects exhibited significantly lower cortisol and ACTH baseline-to-peak deltas. More...
cortisol		Child abuse(emotional neglect)	environment	Carpenter, 2007	normal people	P-value = 0.02	Emotional neglect (-.34, p = .02) strongly predicted maximal...... Emotional neglect (-.34, p = .02) strongly predicted maximal cortisol release. More...
cortisol		Child abuse(sexual abuse)	environment	Carpenter, 2007	normal people	P-value = 0.03	sexual abuse (.31, p = .03) strongly predicted maximal corti...... sexual abuse (.31, p = .03) strongly predicted maximal cortisol release More...
cortisol		Child abuse(childhood trauma)	environment	Heim, 2008	patients and normal controls		Men with childhood trauma histories exhibited increases in A...... Men with childhood trauma histories exhibited increases in ACTH and cortisol responses to dexamethasone/CRF compared with non-abused men. More...
cortisol		Child abuse(maternal child abuse)	environment	Brand, 2010	patients only		Maternal child abuse was associated with steeper declines in...... Maternal child abuse was associated with steeper declines in cortisol in the mothers and lower baseline cortisol in their infants. More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
cortisol		Hippocampus(hippocampal volumes)	brain morphology and function	Colla, 2007	patients and normal controls		In patients, severity of disease (baseline HAMD scores) and ...... In patients, severity of disease (baseline HAMD scores) and baseline cortisol levels were not related to hippocampal volumes. More...