The CYP2C9*3 allele frequency was higher (P<0.01) among the ......
The CYP2C9*3 allele frequency was higher (P<0.01) among the patients suffering from major depression than in a population of 89 schizophrenic patients (odds ratio=3.3) and 138 healthy volunteers (odds ratio=2.8).More...
Positive relationships between CYP2C9 and other components at different levels (count: 0)
Positive relationship network of CYP2C9 in MK4MDD
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Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.
Genetic/Epigenetic Locus
Protein and Other Molecule
Cell and Molecular Pathway
Neural System
Cognition and Behavior
Symptoms and Signs
Environment
MDD
2. Besides the component related relationships from literature, gene mapped protein and protein mapped gene are also shown in the network.
If the mapped gene or protein is not from literature, square node would be used instead of Circle node.
Accordingly, the relationship is marked with dot line.
2. User can drag the nodes to rearrange the layout of the network. Click the node will enter the report page of the node.
Right-click will show also the menus to link to the report page of the node and remove the node and related edges.
Hover the node will show the level of the node and hover the edge will show the evidence/description of the edge.
3. The network is generated using Cytoscape Web
Negative relationships between CYP2C9 and MDD (count: 0)
Negative relationships between CYP2C9 and other components at different levels (count: 0)
Phase 1 of metabolism is concerned with functionalization, t......
Phase 1 of metabolism is concerned with functionalization, that is the introduction or exposure of functional groups on the chemical structure of a compound. This provides a 'handle' for phase 2 conjugating species with which to react with. Many xenobiotics are lipophilic and almost chemically inert (e.g. PAHs) so would not necessarily undergo a phase 2 reaction. Making them more chemically reactive would facilitate their excretion but also increases their chance of reacting with cellular macromolecules (e.g. proteins, DNA). There is a fine balance between producing a more reactive metabolite and conjugation reactions. There are two groups of enzymes in phase 1 - oxidoreductases and hydrolases. Oxidoreductases introduce an oxygen atom into or remove electrons from their substrates. The major oxidoreductase enzyme system is called the P450 monooxygenases. Other systems include flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO), cyclooxygenases (COX) and monoamine oxidases (MAO). Hydrolases hydrolyse esters, amides, epoxides and glucuronides.More...
All organisms are constantly exposed to foreign chemicals ev......
All organisms are constantly exposed to foreign chemicals every day. These can be man-made. Once chemicals undergo functionalization, the electrophilic or nucleophilic species can be detrimental to biological systems. Electrophiles can react with electron-rich macromolecules such as proteins, DNA and RNA by covalent interaction whilst nucleophiles have the potential to interact with biological receptors. That's why conjugation is so important as it mops up these potentially reactive species. Many chemicals, when exposed to certain metabolizing enzymes can induce those enzymes, a process called enzyme induction. The effect of this is that these chemicals accelerate their own biotransformation and excretion. The reverse is also true where some chemicals cause enzyme inhibition. Some other factors that alter enzyme levels are sex, age and genetic predisposition. Between species, there can be considerable differences in biotransformation ability which is a problem faced by drug researchers interpreting toxicological results to humans.More...
Of the 50 microsomal CYPs, 15 act on xenobiotics. They all p......
Of the 50 microsomal CYPs, 15 act on xenobiotics. They all possess wide substrate specificity to cater for most foreign compounds that find their way into the body.More...
The P450 isozyme system is the major phase 1 biotransforming......
The P450 isozyme system is the major phase 1 biotransforming system in man, accounting for more than 90% of drug biotransformations. This system has huge catalytic versatility and a broad substrate specificity, acting upon xenobiotica and endogenous compounds. It is also called the mixed-function oxidase system, the P450 monooxygenases and the heme-thiolate protein system. All P450 enzymes are a group of heme-containing isozymes which are located on the membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. They can be found in all tissues of the human body but are most concentrated in the liver. The name cytochrome P450. CYPs are grouped into 14 families according to their sequence similarity. Generally, enzymes in the same family share 40% sequence similarity and 55% within a subfamily. Nomenclature of P450s is as follows. CYP (to represent cytochrome P450 superfamily), followed by an arabic number for the family, a capital letter for the subfamily and finally a second arabic number to denote the isoenzyme. An example is CYP1A1 which is the first enzyme in subfamily A of cytochrome P450 family 1. The majority of the enzymes are present in the CYP1-4 families. CYP1-3 are primarily concerned with xenobiotic biotransformation whereas the other CYPs deal primarily with endogenous compounds. The CYP section is structured by the typical substrate they act upon. Of the 57 human CYPs, 7 encode mitochondrial enzymes, all involved in sterol biosynthesis. Of the remaining 50 microsomal enzymes, 20 act upon endogenous compounds, 15 on xenobiotics and 15 are the so-called orphan enzymes with no substrate identified. The P450 catalytic cycle (picture) shows the steps involved when a substrate binds to the enzyme. (1) The normal state of a P450 with the iron in its ferric state. (2) The substrate binds to the enzyme. (3) The enzyme is reduced to the ferrous state by the addition of an electron from NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase. The bound substrate facilitates this process. (4,5) Molecular oxygen binds and forms an Fe2+OOH complex with the addition of a proton and a second donation of an electron from either NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase or cytochrome b5. A second proton cleaves the Fe2+OOH complex to form water. (6) An unstable 3+ complex donates its oxygen to the substrate (7). The oxidised substrate is released and the enzyme returns to its initial state (1).More...
CYP2C9 related interactors from protein-protein interaction data in HPRD (count: 1)
Basic Information
Positive relationships between CYP2C9 and other components at different levels (count: 0)
