Symptoms Report

Name	Depressed mood
Description	Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings and physical well-being. It may include feelings of sadness, anxiety, emptiness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, irritability, or restlessness.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	114 (109/5)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
sadness	Luby, 2003	normal people		Anhedonia appeared to be a specific symptom and sadness/irri...... Anhedonia appeared to be a specific symptom and sadness/irritability appeared to be a sensitive symptom of preschool MDD. More...
depressed mood	Wilcox, 2004	patients and normal controls		The earliest and most frequently occurring forerunners of ad...... The earliest and most frequently occurring forerunners of adult-onset MDD were persistent depressed mood, anhedonia, feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of death or suicide, with persistent anhedonia and worthlessness having a special prognostic value. More...
depressed mood	Pettit, 2006	normal people		First episode depressed mood, increased appetite, and female...... First episode depressed mood, increased appetite, and female gender may serve as specific risk factors for recurrence. The centrality of depressed mood to major depressive disorder is highlighted. More...
sad mood	Georgiades, 2006	normal people	odds ratio = 2.01	A summary model that included the seven DSM-III-R symptoms a...... A summary model that included the seven DSM-III-R symptoms as predictors was significant, with sad mood contributing unique variance to the prediction of MDD onset (odds ratio = 2.01). More...
depressed mood	Fu, 2008	patients only	72.40%	The most common depressive symptoms were: anhedonia (72.4%),...... The most common depressive symptoms were: anhedonia (72.4%), depressed mood (72.4%), decreased concentration (62.1%), and irritability (58.6%). More...
crying	Hurley, 2008	patients and normal controls		Three symptoms were useful in differentiating depressed pati...... Three symptoms were useful in differentiating depressed patients from all other groups: sad mood, crying, and anhedonia. More...
sad mood	Hurley, 2008	patients and normal controls		Three symptoms were useful in differentiating depressed pati...... Three symptoms were useful in differentiating depressed patients from all other groups: sad mood, crying, and anhedonia. More...
depressed mood	Mitchell, 2009	patients only		The optimum specific symptoms for ruling out MDD were the ab...... The optimum specific symptoms for ruling out MDD were the absence of depressed mood, the absence of diminished drive and the absence of loss of energy. The most clinically valuable rule-out items were depressed mood, diminished interest/pleasure and poor concentration. More...
depression	Zimmerman, 2010	patients only		The patients with MDD were more severely depressed, more lik...... The patients with MDD were more severely depressed, more likely to have missed time from work due to psychiatric reasons. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
depression		rs2230912(rs2230912)	SNP	Hejjas, 2009	patients and normal controls	P-value < 0.001	Both anxiety and depression scores increased as the number o...... Both anxiety and depression scores increased as the number of G-allele increased in the genotype groups (ANOVA for HADS-anxiety: P = 0.01, HADS-depression: P < 0.001) More...
depression severity		rs1006737(rs1006737)	SNP	Casamassima, 2010	patients and normal controls	P-value = 0.04; beta = -0.4	The rs1006737 risk allele was significantly associated with ...... The rs1006737 risk allele was significantly associated with lesser baseline depression severity (P = 0.04; beta = -0.4) and decreased likelihood of insomnia (P = 0.047; beta = -0.22) More...
complicated grief		MAOA(MAO-A)	gene	Kersting, 2007	patients and normal controls		The more active longer allele of the MAO-A VNTR was signific...... The more active longer allele of the MAO-A VNTR was significantly associated with complicated grief in the female subgroup of patients (chi(2) = 9.471, p = 0.002, OR = 9.208, 95% CI 2.129-38.899, Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.012), whereas there was no such effect in male patients. More...
depression		P2RX7(P2RX7)	gene	Hejjas, 2009	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.01	Both anxiety and depression scores increased as the number o...... Both anxiety and depression scores increased as the number of G-allele increased in the genotype groups (ANOVA for HADS-anxiety: P = 0.01, HADS-depression: P < 0.001) More...
depression		5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A(5-HT(1A) receptor)	protein	Meltzer, 2004	patients and normal controls	r = 0.60, P-value = 0.014	the DRN(dorsal raphe nucleus) BP(5-HT(1A) receptor binding )...... the DRN(dorsal raphe nucleus) BP(5-HT(1A) receptor binding ) was correlated with pretreatment Hamilton Depression Rating Scores (r = 0.60, p = 0.014) in the depressed cohort. More...
depressed mood		D(2) dopamine receptor(dopamine D2 receptor)	protein	Willner, 2005	patients and normal controls		In the antidepressant-treated depressed patients, sulpiride ...... In the antidepressant-treated depressed patients, sulpiride caused a substantial reinstatement of depressed mood. More...
depressed mood		D(3) dopamine receptor(dopamine D3 receptor)	protein	Willner, 2005	patients and normal controls		In the antidepressant-treated patients, a low dose of the se...... In the antidepressant-treated patients, a low dose of the selective dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist sulpiride caused a substantial reinstatement of depressed mood. More...
melancholic		Pro-opiomelanocortin(ACTH)	protein	Kaestner, 2005	patients and normal controls		ACTH and cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated...... ACTH and cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated on admission in the melancholic but not the non-melancholic subgroup. More...
depressed mood		Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF))	protein	Yukimasa, 2006	patients only		In addition, the plasma levels of BDNF were significantly in...... In addition, the plasma levels of BDNF were significantly increased by 23 % in responders and partial responders, but not in nonresponders, after rTMS treatment, and a trend for association was found between the changes in Ham-D scores and changes in plasma BDNF levels in all patients after rTMS treatment. More...
depression		Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter(dopamine transporter (DAT))	protein	Newberg, 2007	normal people	P-value=0.009	We observed a greater Tc-TRODAT-1(selective DAT radiopharmac...... We observed a greater Tc-TRODAT-1(selective DAT radiopharmaceutical) DVR (distribution volume ratios) in the right caudate of subjects with high POMS (Profile of Mood States) mood scores compared to subjects with low scores on depressive items on the POMS (2.99+/-0.35 and 2.79+/-0.35, respectively; P=0.009). More...
depression		Oxytocin-neurophysin 1(oxytocin)	protein	Scantamburlo, 2007	patients only	r=-0.58, P-value=0.003	Results showed a significant negative correlation between ox...... Results showed a significant negative correlation between oxytocin and the scored symptoms depression (r=-0.58, p=0.003) and anxiety (r=-0.61, p=0.005). More...
depression		Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(serotonin transporter (5-HTT))	protein	Cannon, 2007	patients and normal controls		Depression-severity correlated negatively with 5-HTT BP in t...... Depression-severity correlated negatively with 5-HTT BP in the thalamus in MDD-subjects. More...
depressed mood		Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha(soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R))	protein	Eller, 2009	patients and normal controls		Further analysis of patients revealed that sIL-2R was positi...... Further analysis of patients revealed that sIL-2R was positively correlated with decreased activity and agitation. More...
depressive symptoms		5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A(brain 5-HT(2) receptor)	protein	Yatham, 2010	patients only		There was a trend for correlation between reduction in brain...... There was a trend for correlation between reduction in brain 5-HT(2) receptors in right parahippocampal gyrus, right lingual gyrus and right medial frontal gyrus, and improvement in depressive symptoms. More...
depression		Pro-opiomelanocortin(adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH))	protein	Marcus, 2011	normal people		Infants born to women of the high/increasing depression grou...... Infants born to women of the high/increasing depression group had significant ACTH elevation at birth. More...
depressed mood		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	Delgado, 1990	patients only		Fourteen of the 21 remitted depressed patients receiving ant...... Fourteen of the 21 remitted depressed patients receiving antidepressants experienced a depressive relapse after the tryptophan-free amino acid drink, with gradual (24 to 48 hours) return to the remitted state on return to regular food intake. More...
depressed mood		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	Delgado, 1994	patients only		Relative to the control test, 37% of the patients had 10-poi...... Relative to the control test, 37% of the patients had 10-point or greater decrease in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D) score, while 23% had a 10-point or greater increase in Ham-D score on the day after the tryptophan depletion test. More...
depressed mood		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	Price, 1998	patients only		Depressive symptoms showed a tendency to decrease after i.v....... Depressive symptoms showed a tendency to decrease after i.v. TRP(tryptophan) following active, but not sham, TRP depletion. More...
depressed mood		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	Klaassen, 1999	normal people		Overall, after 6 hours, TRP(tryptophan) depletion lead to a ...... Overall, after 6 hours, TRP(tryptophan) depletion lead to a lowering of mood. More...
depressed mood		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	Klaassen, 2002	normal people		The influence of acute tryptophan (TRP) depletion, inducing ...... The influence of acute tryptophan (TRP) depletion, inducing low serotonin neurotransmission and a depression of mood. More...
depressed mood		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	O'Reardon, 2004	patients only		The SSRI (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors) group ex...... The SSRI (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors) group experienced significant mood worsening during depletion compared with sham on both the HDRS (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and the BDI (Beck Depression Inventory), More...
depressed mood		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	Neumeister, 2004	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.01	Tryptophan depletion induced a transient return of depressiv...... Tryptophan depletion induced a transient return of depressive symptoms in patients with remitted MDD but not in controls (P<.001). More...
melancholic		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Kaestner, 2005	patients and normal controls		ACTH and cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated...... ACTH and cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated on admission in the melancholic but not the non-melancholic subgroup. More...
lowering of mood		Serotonin(serotonin (5-HT))	molecule	van der Veen, 2007	high-risk people and normal controls		The present study examined the effects of acute tryptophan (...... The present study examined the effects of acute tryptophan (Trp) depletion (ATD), a well-recognized method to lower central serotonin (5-HT) metabolism, on brain activation during a facial emotion perception task. In the FH+(volunteers with a positive family history of unipolar depression) group, depletion led to the expected lowering of mood More...
depression		Fatty Acids, Omega-3(omega-3 PUFAs)	molecule	Riemer, 2010	patients and normal controls		The study was able to replicate earlier findings in patients...... The study was able to replicate earlier findings in patients with depression (lowered omega-3 PUFAs, increased omega-6/omega-3 ratios in serum cholesteryl esters). Only depressive patients revealed associations between fatty acids with serotonergic and immunological markers. More...
depression		Fatty Acids, Omega-6(omega-6 PUFAs)	molecule	Riemer, 2010	patients and normal controls		The study was able to replicate earlier findings in patients...... The study was able to replicate earlier findings in patients with depression (lowered omega-3 PUFAs, increased omega-6/omega-3 ratios in serum cholesteryl esters). Only depressive patients revealed associations between fatty acids with serotonergic and immunological markers. More...
depressed mood		Endotoxins(endotoxin)	molecule	Eisenberger NI, 2010	normal people		Subjects exposed to endotoxin, compared with placebo, showed...... Subjects exposed to endotoxin, compared with placebo, showed greater increases in self-reported and observer-rated depressed mood over time More...
depression		Glutamates(glutamate (Glu))	molecule	Wang, 2011	patients and normal controls	P-value < 0.001	The 11 patients (21.5%) who met the criteria for depression ...... The 11 patients (21.5%) who met the criteria for depression and 9 patients (17.6%) who had a high score for HDRS, (>14) but were not depressed, had a significantly higher Glu/Cr ratio than patients who scored More...
depressed mood		synaptic transmission, dopaminergic(catecholaminergic neurotransmission)	pathway	Hasler, 2008	patients and normal controls		Depressive symptoms increased during catecholamine depletion...... Depressive symptoms increased during catecholamine depletion to a greater extent in MDD subjects than in controls. More...
depressive symptoms		Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated(lymphokine-activated killer cell)	cell	Sachs, 1995	patients and normal controls	P-value-value<0.01	LAK activity but not NK activity was reduced in patients wit...... LAK activity but not NK activity was reduced in patients with actual depressive symptoms (P < 0.01) and high state depressive symptoms (P < 0.05) More...
depressed mood		Serotonergic system(serotonergic system)	neurobiological system	Delgado, 1994	patients only		Rapid dietary depletion of the precursor of serotonin synthe...... Rapid dietary depletion of the precursor of serotonin synthesis, tryptophan, causes a transient return of depression in 67% of patients who have had a therapeutic antidepressant response. More...
depression		Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(pituitary-adrenal responses)	neurobiological system	Heim, 2000	patients and normal controls		Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased ...... Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress compared with controls. This effect was particularly robust in women with current symptoms of depression and anxiety. More...
depressed mood		N400(N450)	neurobiological system	McNeely, 2008	patients and normal controls		The N450 modulation correlated with negative automatic think...... The N450 modulation correlated with negative automatic thinking and depressive symptoms. More...
depression		Dopaminergic system(dopaminergic system)	neurobiological system	Tremblay, 2002	patients and normal controls	model R(2) = 0.63; interaction P-value =.04	Severity of depression correlated with the rewarding effects...... Severity of depression correlated with the rewarding effects of dextroamphetamine in the depressed group. More...
depressed mood		Noradrenergic system(noradrenergic (NE) systems)	neurobiological system	Katz, 1994	patients only		Drug-induced changes in NE primarily with the psychomotor, s...... Drug-induced changes in NE primarily with the psychomotor, secondarily with the mood components of the depressed state More...
depressed mood		Serotonergic system(serotonergic (5-HT) system)	neurobiological system	Katz, 1994	patients only		Drug-induced changes in the 5-HT system to be associated wit...... Drug-induced changes in the 5-HT system to be associated with mood aspects, notably anxiety, and depressed mood. More...
depressed mood		Serotonergic system(serotonergic (5-HT) system)	neurobiological system	Morris, 1999	patients only		Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., d...... Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., dorsal raphe, habenula, septal region, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex, covaried significantly with ratings of depressed mood. More...
depression		Beta wave(beta3, 21.5-30.0 Hz)	neurobiological system	Pizzagalli, 2002	patients and normal controls		Depressed subjects showed more excitatory (beta3, 21.5-30.0 ...... Depressed subjects showed more excitatory (beta3, 21.5-30.0 Hz) activity in the right superior and inferior frontal lobe (Brodmann's area 9/10/11) than comparison subjects. In melancholic subjects, this effect was particularly pronounced for severe depression, More...
depressive symptoms		Error-related negativity (ERN)(error negative waves)	neurobiological system	Kalayam, 2003	patients only		Nine subjects who remained symptomatic had larger left front...... Nine subjects who remained symptomatic had larger left frontal error negative waves than the subjects who achieved remission. Left frontal error negative waves were correlated with percent change of depressive symptoms from baseline. More...
depression		Delta wave(delta)	neurobiological system	Fernandez, 2005	patients and normal controls		Only 2 dipole density scores, right occipital delta and left...... Only 2 dipole density scores, right occipital delta and left temporal delta, were significantly related to depression. More...
depression		Delta wave(occipital delta dipole density)	neurobiological system	Fernandez, 2005	patients and normal controls		the right occipital delta dipole density is the factor with ...... the right occipital delta dipole density is the factor with the greatest predictive power for depression, and the only one to show a significant correlation with severity of depression. More...
depressed mood		Serotonergic system(serotonergic system)	neurobiological system	Staley, 2006	patients and normal controls	depressed patients demonstrated 12% lower diencephalon	These findings suggest that serotonergic mechanisms mediatin...... These findings suggest that serotonergic mechanisms mediating depressed mood differ between men and women in an age-dependent manner. More...
depressive symptomatology		N200(N2)	neurobiological system	Krompinger, 2009	high-risk people and normal controls		Examination of ERPs on trials uncontaminated by task-switchi...... Examination of ERPs on trials uncontaminated by task-switching effects revealed larger N2s on no-go than go trials, and, specific to the depressive group, larger N2s in response to positive compared to negative stimuli. More...
depressive symptomatology		P300(P3)	neurobiological system	Krompinger, 2009	high-risk people and normal controls		Results indicated that across all trials, subjects high on d...... Results indicated that across all trials, subjects high on depressive symptomatology exhibited larger P3s in response to negative compared to positive stimuli. More...
depressed mood		P200(P200)	neurobiological system	Kemp, 2010	patients and normal controls		Stepwise regression analysis also revealed that depression s...... Stepwise regression analysis also revealed that depression severity, but not psychomotor slowing, contributed to increases in P200 amplitude. More...
depressed mood		Beta wave(high-beta (18-30 Hz))	neurobiological system	Paquette, 2009	patients only		These results suggest that the normalization of high-beta ac...... These results suggest that the normalization of high-beta activity in cortico-limbic/paralimbic regions can be associated with a significant reduction of depressive symptoms. More...
depression		Correct response negativity (CRN)(correct response negativity (CRN))	neurobiological system	Olvet, 2010	patients and normal controls		depression severity related to the CRN and the differentiati...... depression severity related to the CRN and the differentiation between the ERN and CRN (DeltaERN) in the MDD group: more severe depression was associated with an increased CRN and a reduced DeltaERN More...
depression		Error-related negativity (ERN)(error-related negativity (ERN))	neurobiological system	Olvet, 2010	patients and normal controls		depression severity related to the CRN and the differentiati...... depression severity related to the CRN and the differentiation between the ERN and CRN (DeltaERN) in the MDD group: more severe depression was associated with an increased CRN and a reduced DeltaERN More...
depression		Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary axis (LHPA))	neurobiological system	Marcus, 2011	normal people		When compared to non-depressed women, maternal depressive sy...... When compared to non-depressed women, maternal depressive symptoms, even in the absence of major depressive disorder, appeared to facilitate a different developmental pathway for the infant LHPA and early neurological development. More...
depressed mood		medial orbitofrontal cortex(medial orbitofrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Liotti, 2002	patients and normal controls		Mood provocation in both depressed groups resulted in region...... Mood provocation in both depressed groups resulted in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) decreases in medial orbitofrontal cortex Brodmann's area 10/11, which were absent in the healthy group. More...
depressed mood		pregenual anterior cingulate cortex(pregenual anterior cingulate)	brain morphology and function	Liotti, 2002	patients and normal controls		In the remitted group, mood provocation produced a unique ce...... In the remitted group, mood provocation produced a unique cerebral blood flow (rCBF) decrease in pregenual anterior cingulate 24a. More...
depressed mood		Cerebellum(cerebellum)	brain morphology and function	Fu, 2004	patients and normal controls		Reduction of depressive symptoms in the patient group was as...... Reduction of depressive symptoms in the patient group was associated with reduction of dynamic range in the cerebellum. More...
depressed mood		pregenual cingulate cortex(pregenual cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	Fu, 2004	patients and normal controls		Reduction of depressive symptoms in the patient group was as...... Reduction of depressive symptoms in the patient group was associated with reduction of dynamic range in the pregenual cingulate cortex. More...
depressed mood		pregenual ventral striatum(pregenual ventral striatum)	brain morphology and function	Fu, 2004	patients and normal controls		Reduction of depressive symptoms in the patient group was as...... Reduction of depressive symptoms in the patient group was associated with reduction of dynamic range in the pregenual ventral striatum. More...
depression		right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Grimm, 2008	patients and normal controls		Hyperactivity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (D...... Hyperactivity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) correlated with depression severity. More...
depressed mood		Caudate nucleus(caudate)	brain morphology and function	Pizzagalli, 2009	patients and normal controls		In the major depression group, depression severity were asso...... In the major depression group, depression severity were associated with reduced caudate volume bilaterally. More...
depressed mood		Middle frontal gyrus(midfrontal gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Smoski, 2009	patients and normal controls		Depression severity was predicted by activation in bilateral...... Depression severity was predicted by activation in bilateral midfrontal gyrus during reward selection. More...
depressed mood		Subgenual cingulate(subgenual cingulate)	brain morphology and function	Mayberg, 1999	patients and normal controls		With sadness, increases in limbic-paralimbic blood flow was ...... With sadness, increases in limbic-paralimbic blood flow was identified. More...
depressed mood		anterior insula(anterior insula)	brain morphology and function	Mayberg, 1999	patients and normal controls		With sadness, increases in limbic-paralimbic blood flow were...... With sadness, increases in limbic-paralimbic blood flow were identified. More...
depressed mood		right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(right dorsolateral prefrontal region)	brain morphology and function	Mayberg, 1999	patients and normal controls		With sadness, decreases in neocortical regions' blood flow w...... With sadness, decreases in neocortical regions' blood flow were identified. More...
depressed mood		inferior parietal lobes(inferior parietal regions)	brain morphology and function	Mayberg, 1999	patients and normal controls		With sadness, decreases in neocortical regions' blood flow w...... With sadness, decreases in neocortical regions' blood flow were identified. More...
depressed mood		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Morris, 1999	patients only		Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., d...... Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., dorsal raphe, habenula, septal region, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex, covaried significantly with ratings of depressed mood. More...
depressed mood		Raphe(dorsal raphe)	brain morphology and function	Morris, 1999	patients only		Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., d...... Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., dorsal raphe, habenula, septal region, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex, covaried significantly with ratings of depressed mood. More...
depressed mood		Habenula(habenula)	brain morphology and function	Morris, 1999	patients only		Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., d...... Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., dorsal raphe, habenula, septal region, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex, covaried significantly with ratings of depressed mood. More...
depressed mood		Orbitofrontal cortex(orbitofrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Morris, 1999	patients only		Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., d...... Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., dorsal raphe, habenula, septal region, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex, covaried significantly with ratings of depressed mood. More...
depressed mood		Septal area(septal region)	brain morphology and function	Morris, 1999	patients only		Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., d...... Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., dorsal raphe, habenula, septal region, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex, covaried significantly with ratings of depressed mood. More...
depressed mood		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	Smith, 1999	patients only		Depressive relapse attenuated cognitive task-related activat...... Depressive relapse attenuated cognitive task-related activation in the anterior cingulate cortex. More...
depressed mood		Caudate nucleus(caudate nucleus regions)	brain morphology and function	Smith, 1999	patients only		Increasing levels of depression after tryptophan depletion w...... Increasing levels of depression after tryptophan depletion were associated with diminished neural activity in the caudate nucleus regions. More...
depressed mood		Orbitofrontal cortex(orbitofrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Smith, 1999	patients only		Increasing levels of depression after tryptophan depletion w...... Increasing levels of depression after tryptophan depletion were associated with diminished neural activity in the orbitofrontal cortex. More...
depressed mood		ventral anterior cingulate(ventral anterior cingulate)	brain morphology and function	Smith, 1999	patients only		Increasing levels of depression after tryptophan depletion w...... Increasing levels of depression after tryptophan depletion were associated with diminished neural activity in the ventral anterior cingulate. More...
depression		Basal ganglia(basal ganglia)	brain morphology and function	Kimbrell, 2002	patients and normal controls		Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute r...... Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute rCMRglu in basal ganglia More...
depression		Insula(insula)	brain morphology and function	Kimbrell, 2002	patients and normal controls		Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute r...... Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute rCMRglu in insula, basal ganglia, and temporoparietal cortex (right > left). More...
depression		Prefrontal cortex(prefrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Kimbrell, 2002	patients and normal controls		Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute r...... Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute rCMRglu in prefrontal cortex More...
depression		right cingulate cortex(right cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	Kimbrell, 2002	patients and normal controls		Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute r...... Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute rCMRglu in almost the entire extent of the right cingulate cortex More...
depression		Temporo-parietal connection(temporoparietal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Kimbrell, 2002	patients and normal controls		Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute r...... Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute rCMRglu in temporoparietal cortex (right > left). More...
depression		Hippocampus(hippocampal response)	brain morphology and function	Lawrence, 2004	patients and normal controls		Depression severity correlated positively with hippocampal r...... Depression severity correlated positively with hippocampal response to mild sadness in both patient groups. More...
depression		Dorsal raphe nucleus(dorsal raphe nucleus)	brain morphology and function	Meltzer, 2004	patients and normal controls	r = 0.60, P-value = 0.014	the DRN(dorsal raphe nucleus) BP(5-HT(1A) receptor binding )...... the DRN(dorsal raphe nucleus) BP(5-HT(1A) receptor binding ) was correlated with pretreatment Hamilton Depression Rating Scores (r = 0.60, p = 0.014) in the depressed cohort. More...
depression		right fusiform gyrus(right fusiform gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Surguladze, 2005	patients and normal controls		There was a negative correlation in depressed individuals be...... There was a negative correlation in depressed individuals between depression severity and magnitude of neural response within right fusiform gyrus to happy expressions. More...
depression		Hippocampus(hippocampal volumes)	brain morphology and function	Hickie, 2005	patients and normal controls		Reduced hippocampal volumes occurred in older people with de...... Reduced hippocampal volumes occurred in older people with depression, those with both early-onset and late-onset disorders and those with the melancholic subtype. More...
depression		Basal ganglia(basal ganglia)	brain morphology and function	Milak, 2005	patients only		Psychic depression correlated positively with metabolism in ...... Psychic depression correlated positively with metabolism in the cingulate gyrus, thalamus, and basal ganglia. More...
depression		Cingulate gyrus(cingulate gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Milak, 2005	patients only		Psychic depression correlated positively with metabolism in ...... Psychic depression correlated positively with metabolism in the cingulate gyrus, thalamus, and basal ganglia. More...
depression		Thalamus(thalamus)	brain morphology and function	Milak, 2005	patients only		Psychic depression correlated positively with metabolism in ...... Psychic depression correlated positively with metabolism in the cingulate gyrus, thalamus, and basal ganglia. More...
depression		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Giesecke, 2005	patients and normal controls		Symptoms of depression and the presence of MDD were associat...... Symptoms of depression and the presence of MDD were associated with the magnitude of pain-evoked neuronal activations in brain regions associated with affective pain processing (the amygdalae and contralateral anterior insula). More...
depression		anterior insula(contralateral anterior insula)	brain morphology and function	Giesecke, 2005	patients and normal controls		Symptoms of depression and the presence of MDD were associat...... Symptoms of depression and the presence of MDD were associated with the magnitude of pain-evoked neuronal activations in brain regions associated with affective pain processing (the amygdalae and contralateral anterior insula). More...
depressive mood		Left amygdala(left amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls	P-value < 0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons	Severity of depressive mood was inversely correlated with rC...... Severity of depressive mood was inversely correlated with rCBF in the left amygdala, lentiform nucleus, and parahippocampal gyrus, and directly correlated with rCBF in the right postero-lateral parietal cortex (p < 0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). More...
depressive mood		Lentiform nucleus(lentiform nucleus)	brain morphology and function	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls	P-value < 0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons	Severity of depressive mood was inversely correlated with rC...... Severity of depressive mood was inversely correlated with rCBF in the left amygdala, lentiform nucleus, and parahippocampal gyrus, and directly correlated with rCBF in the right postero-lateral parietal cortex (p < 0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). More...
depressive mood		Parahippocampal gyrus(parahippocampal gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls	P-value < 0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons	Severity of depressive mood was inversely correlated with rC...... Severity of depressive mood was inversely correlated with rCBF in the left amygdala, lentiform nucleus, and parahippocampal gyrus, and directly correlated with rCBF in the right postero-lateral parietal cortex (p < 0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). More...
depressive mood		right postero-lateral parietal cortex(right postero-lateral parietal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls		Severity of depressive mood was inversely correlated with rC...... Severity of depressive mood was inversely correlated with rCBF in the left amygdala, lentiform nucleus, and parahippocampal gyrus, and directly correlated with rCBF in the right postero-lateral parietal cortex (p < 0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). More...
depression		Ventral amygdala(ventral amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Abler, 2007	patients and normal controls		Hamilton depression scores of the patients correlated positi...... Hamilton depression scores of the patients correlated positively with activation of the left and right ventral amygdala during expectation of negative stimuli. More...
lowering of mood		Right amygdala(right amygdala)	brain morphology and function	van der Veen, 2007	high-risk people and normal controls		A stronger mood lowering effect was associated with less acc...... A stronger mood lowering effect was associated with less accurate performance on faces expressing a negative emotion in the incidental task and a stronger right amygdala response to fearful faces in comparison to happy faces. More...
depression		Reward system(brain reward system)	brain morphology and function	Forbes, 2006	patients and normal controls		Depressive and anxiety symptoms were associated with activat...... Depressive and anxiety symptoms were associated with activation in reward-related brain areas. More...
depression		Thalamus(thalamus)	brain morphology and function	Cannon, 2007	patients and normal controls		Depression-severity correlated negatively with 5-HTT BP in t...... Depression-severity correlated negatively with 5-HTT BP in the thalamus in MDD-subjects. More...
depression		inferior orbitofrontal cortex(bilateral inferior orbitofrontal areas)	brain morphology and function	Lee, 2007	patients and normal controls		Within the MDD group, the severity of depression correlated ...... Within the MDD group, the severity of depression correlated with the activity of the bilateral inferior orbitofrontal areas to negative pictures. More...
depression		Left amygdala(left amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Lee, 2007	patients and normal controls		Within the MDD group, the severity of depression correlated ...... Within the MDD group, the severity of depression correlated with the activity of the left amygdala to negative pictures. More...
depression		left insula(left insula)	brain morphology and function	Lee, 2007	patients and normal controls		Within the MDD group, the severity of depression correlated ...... Within the MDD group, the severity of depression correlated with the activity of the left insula to negative pictures. More...
depressive symptoms		rostral anterior cingulate(rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC))	brain morphology and function	Boes, 2008	normal people	14.6% reduction; F = 8.90, P-value = .005	The rACC volume was significantly lower in boys with subclin...... The rACC volume was significantly lower in boys with subclinical depressive symptoms compared with boys with no depressive symptoms, particularly on the left side (14.6% reduction; F = 8.90, p = .005). More...
depression		White matter(white matter)	brain morphology and function	Komaki, 2008	patients only		Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) scores were sign...... Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) scores were significantly higher in the WMHI (white matter hyperintensity) group than in the NF(no abnormal findings) group. More...
depressed mood		Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Wu, 2008	patients only		Negative correlations (defined as reduced HDRS scores associ...... Negative correlations (defined as reduced HDRS scores associated with areas of increased relative cerebral glucose metabolism after TSD) were found in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. More...
depressed mood		inferior frontal cortex(inferior frontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Wu, 2008	patients only		Positive correlations (defined as reduced HDRS scores associ...... Positive correlations (defined as reduced HDRS scores associated with areas having reduced relative cerebral glucose metabolism after TSD) were found in the inferior frontal/orbital frontal cortex. More...
depressed mood		Inferior frontal gyrus(inferior frontal gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Wu, 2008	patients only		Positive correlations (defined as reduced HDRS scores associ...... Positive correlations (defined as reduced HDRS scores associated with areas having reduced relative cerebral glucose metabolism after TSD) were found in the inferior frontal gyrus More...
depressed mood		Orbitofrontal cortex(orbital frontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Wu, 2008	patients only		Positive correlations (defined as reduced HDRS scores associ...... Positive correlations (defined as reduced HDRS scores associated with areas having reduced relative cerebral glucose metabolism after TSD) were found in the inferior frontal/orbital frontal cortex. More...
depressive psychopathology		Hippocampus(hippocampus)	brain morphology and function	Vasic, 2008	patients and normal controls		depressive psychopathology and worse performance during the ...... depressive psychopathology and worse performance during the WCST were associated with decreased GMV (gray matter volume) of the hippocampus. More...
depressive psychopathology		right inferiorfrontal gyrus(right inferior frontal gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Vasic, 2008	patients and normal controls		Structure-cognition correlation analyses revealed that decre...... Structure-cognition correlation analyses revealed that decreased GMC(gray matter concentration) of the right medial and inferior frontal gyrus was associated with both depressive psychopathology and worse executive performance as measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). More...
depressive psychopathology		right medial frontal gyrus(right medial frontal gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Vasic, 2008	patients and normal controls		Structure-cognition correlation analyses revealed that decre...... Structure-cognition correlation analyses revealed that decreased GMC(gray matter concentration) of the right medial and inferior frontal gyrus was associated with both depressive psychopathology and worse executive performance as measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). More...
depressive severity		Right amygdala(right amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Hamilton, 2008	patients and normal controls		The degree of memory-related right amygdala responsivity in ...... The degree of memory-related right amygdala responsivity in the depressed participants was significantly correlated with depressive severity. More...
depression		Posterior cingulate cortex(posterior cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	Grimm, 2009	patients and normal controls		MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blo...... MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blood oxygenation level-dependent responses) in several regions of the default-mode network such as the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex. Decreased NBRs in MDD patients correlated with depression severity and feelings of hopelessness. More...
depression		pregenual anterior cingulate cortex(pregenual anterior cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	Grimm, 2009	patients and normal controls		MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blo...... MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blood oxygenation level-dependent responses) in several regions of the default-mode network such as the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex. Decreased NBRs in MDD patients correlated with depression severity and feelings of hopelessness. More...
depression		ventromedial prefrontal cortex(ventromedial prefrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Grimm, 2009	patients and normal controls		MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blo...... MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blood oxygenation level-dependent responses) in several regions of the default-mode network such as the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex. Decreased NBRs in MDD patients correlated with depression severity and feelings of hopelessness. More...
depressive symptom		Amygdala-cingulate functional coupling(amygdala-cingulate functional coupling)	brain morphology and function	Matthews, 2008	patients and normal controls		Greater depressive symptom severity correlated positively wi...... Greater depressive symptom severity correlated positively with decreased FC(functional coupling) between bilateral EA(amygdala) and supragenual cingulate in MDD subjects. More...
depressed mood		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Salvadore, 2009	patients and normal controls		Exploratory analyses showed that pretreatment amygdala activ...... Exploratory analyses showed that pretreatment amygdala activity was negatively correlated with change in depressive symptoms. Pretreatment rostral ACC activation may be a useful biomarker that identifies a subgroup of patients who will respond favorably to ketamine's antidepressant effects. More...
depression		dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC)(dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC))	brain morphology and function	Grimm, 2009	patients and normal controls		Signal changes in the DMPFC correlated with depression sever...... Signal changes in the DMPFC correlated with depression severity and hopelessness. More...
melancholic features		Motor cortex(supplementary motor area)	brain morphology and function	Exner, 2009	patients and normal controls		Regional volumes of the right pre-SMA (supplementary motor a...... Regional volumes of the right pre-SMA (supplementary motor area) were reduced in depressive subjects with melancholic features. More...
depressed mood		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Roiser, 2009	patients and normal controls		Increasing amygdala blood flow was associated with more nega...... Increasing amygdala blood flow was associated with more negative emotional bias score across both groups. More...
depressive symptom		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate cortices (ACC))	brain morphology and function	Yoshimura, 2010	patients and normal controls		Compared with the normal controls, the depressed patients sh...... Compared with the normal controls, the depressed patients showed hyperactivity in the MPFC and the rostral ACC during the self-referential processing of negative words. In addition, the activity of these regions during self-referential processing of the negative stimuli was correlated with the depressive symptom severity. More...
depressive symptom		medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)(medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC))	brain morphology and function	Yoshimura, 2010	patients and normal controls		Compared with the normal controls, the depressed patients sh...... Compared with the normal controls, the depressed patients showed hyperactivity in the MPFC and the rostral ACC during the self-referential processing of negative words. In addition, the activity of these regions during self-referential processing of the negative stimuli was correlated with the depressive symptom severity. More...
depression		Inferior frontal gyrus(inferior frontal gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Herwig, 2010	patients and normal controls		While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation p...... While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation patterns in depressed patients within the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal areas, inferior frontal gyrus, insula and medial thalamus were similar to activations associated with expecting unpleasant pictures. The activity within a majority of these areas correlated with the depression scores. More...
depression		Insula(insula)	brain morphology and function	Herwig, 2010	patients and normal controls		While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation p...... While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation patterns in depressed patients within the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal areas, inferior frontal gyrus, insula and medial thalamus were similar to activations associated with expecting unpleasant pictures. The activity within a majority of these areas correlated with the depression scores. More...
depression		medial thalamus(medial thalamus)	brain morphology and function	Herwig, 2010	patients and normal controls		While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation p...... While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation patterns in depressed patients within the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal areas, inferior frontal gyrus, insula and medial thalamus were similar to activations associated with expecting unpleasant pictures. The activity within a majority of these areas correlated with the depression scores. More...
depression		Prefrontal cortex(prefrontal areas)	brain morphology and function	Herwig, 2010	patients and normal controls		While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation p...... While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation patterns in depressed patients within the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal areas, inferior frontal gyrus, insula and medial thalamus were similar to activations associated with expecting unpleasant pictures. The activity within a majority of these areas correlated with the depression scores. More...
depressive mood		Superior longitudinal fasciculus(superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF))	brain morphology and function	Matthews, 2011	patients and normal controls		Greater depressive symptom severity correlated negatively wi...... Greater depressive symptom severity correlated negatively with FA (fractional anisotropy) in the SLF. More...
depression		ventral anterior cingulate(ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC))	brain morphology and function	Hamilton, 2010	patients and normal controls		Activation in the hippocampus predicted subsequent increases...... Activation in the hippocampus predicted subsequent increases in ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) activity in depression More...
depressive symptoms		right lingual gyrus(right lingual gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Yatham, 2010	patients only		There was a trend for correlation between reduction in brain...... There was a trend for correlation between reduction in brain 5-HT(2) receptors in right parahippocampal gyrus, right lingual gyrus and right medial frontal gyrus, and improvement in depressive symptoms. More...
depressive symptoms		right medial frontal gyrus(right medial frontal gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Yatham, 2010	patients only		There was a trend for correlation between reduction in brain...... There was a trend for correlation between reduction in brain 5-HT(2) receptors in right parahippocampal gyrus, right lingual gyrus and right medial frontal gyrus, and improvement in depressive symptoms. More...
depressive symptoms		right parahippocampal gyrus(right parahippocampal gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Yatham, 2010	patients only		There was a trend for correlation between reduction in brain...... There was a trend for correlation between reduction in brain 5-HT(2) receptors in right parahippocampal gyrus, right lingual gyrus and right medial frontal gyrus, and improvement in depressive symptoms. More...
depressive symptoms		Internal capsule(internal capsule)	brain morphology and function	Zhu, 2011	patients and normal controls		Further analysis revealed that FA (fractional anisotropy) va...... Further analysis revealed that FA (fractional anisotropy) values in the left anterior limb of the internal capsule were negatively correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms. More...
depressed mood		Thalamo-cortical circuits(thalamocortical system)	brain morphology and function	Kerr, 2011	patients and normal controls		This approach found evidence that: participants with depress...... This approach found evidence that: participants with depressed mood, regardless of clinical status, shift from excitation in the thalamocortical system towards inhibition More...
depression		White matter(white matter)	brain morphology and function	Vardi, 2011	patients and normal controls		We found that severely depressed, cognitively compromised pa...... We found that severely depressed, cognitively compromised patients with WMH T2-WI (white matter hyperintensities on T2-weighted images) in the basal ganglia display more profuse cerebral perfusion deficits than less depressed patients with WMH T2-WI in other regions or with no WMH T2-WI but are not less responsive to antidepressant treatment. More...
depressive symptom		Striatum(striatum)	brain morphology and function	Marchand, 2012	patients only		A network involving the bilateral striatum and anterior CMS ...... A network involving the bilateral striatum and anterior CMS was found to be associated with depressive symptom severity. More...
depressed mood		Cognitive processing bias(mood-congruent attentional bias)	cognition and behavior	Eizenman, 2003	patients and normal controls		The average glance duration on images with dysphoric themes ...... The average glance duration on images with dysphoric themes was significantly larger for subjects with depressive disorder. More...
depressed mood		Cognitive processing bias(mood-congruent memory bias)	cognition and behavior	Ellwart, 2003	patients and normal controls		Severely depressed patients showed a mood-congruent memory b...... Severely depressed patients showed a mood-congruent memory bias in implicit memory but not in explicit memory. More...
depressed mood		Cognitive processing bias(mood-congruent memory bias)	cognition and behavior	Yeh, 2009	patients and normal controls		When compared with the normal group, a more conservative res...... When compared with the normal group, a more conservative response criterion for positive items was evident in patient groups, patients' emotional memory intensity is attenuated by their mood. More...
depression		Cognitive processing bias(mood-congruent false)	cognition and behavior	Joormann, 2009	patients and normal controls		Compared with control participants, major depressive disorde...... Compared with control participants, major depressive disorder participants recalled fewer words that had been previously presented but were more likely to falsely recall negative lures. These findings indicate that depression is associated with false memories of negative material. More...
depressive symptoms		Cognitive processing bias(response bias in signal-detection task)	cognition and behavior	Pizzagalli, 2005	normal people		Subjects with elevated depressive symptoms failed to show a ...... Subjects with elevated depressive symptoms failed to show a response bias in signal-detection task. More...
lowering of mood		Accuracy for reaction(less accurate)	cognition and behavior	van der Veen, 2007	high-risk people and normal controls		A stronger mood lowering effect was associated with less acc...... A stronger mood lowering effect was associated with less accurate performance on faces expressing a negative emotion in the incidental task and a stronger right amygdala response to fearful faces in comparison to happy faces. More...
depression		Verbal memory(verbal memory function)	cognition and behavior	Biringer, 2007	patients and normal controls		Remission of depression was followed by improvement in verba...... Remission of depression was followed by improvement in verbal memory function up to the level of healthy controls More...
melancholic features		Learning(implicit learning deficits)	cognition and behavior	Exner, 2009	patients and normal controls		Depressive subjects with melancholic features but not those ...... Depressive subjects with melancholic features but not those with non-melancholic depression showed implicit learning deficits. More...
depression		Sensation(odour identification)	cognition and behavior	Clepce, 2010	patients only		Odour identification ability was significantly reduced durin...... Odour identification ability was significantly reduced during the depressive state. More...
depressed mood		Suicide(suicide intent)	symptoms	Horesh, 2003	patients only		Suicidal versus nonsuicidal adolescents were more depressed,...... Suicidal versus nonsuicidal adolescents were more depressed, hopeless, and aggressive, but not more angry or impulsive. More...
depressed mood		Rumination(rumination)	symptoms	Park, 2004	patients and normal controls		In adolescents with MDD, induced rumination as compared to d...... In adolescents with MDD, induced rumination as compared to distraction differentially increased depressed mood. More...
depressed mood		Somatic symptoms(chronic painful physical condition)	symptoms	Ohayon, 2004	patients only		Compared with MDD subjects without chronic pain, MDD subject...... Compared with MDD subjects without chronic pain, MDD subjects with a CPPC(chronic painful physical condition) had a longer duration of depressive symptoms (7 months longer) and were more likely to report severe feelings of sadness or depressed mood (OR = 1.8). More...
depression		Irritability(Irritability)	symptoms	Perlis, 2005	normal people		Irritability was correlated with overall depressive severity...... Irritability was correlated with overall depressive severity, which accounted for nearly all of the clinical differences noted, with the exception of vascular disease, for which the association persisted after controlling for age, sex, and depressive severity. More...
depressive symptoms		Neuroticism(neuroticism)	symptoms	Gamble, 2006	patients only		neuroticism partially accounted for the association between ...... neuroticism partially accounted for the association between severe childhood sexual abuse and depressive symptom severity. More...
melancholic features		Sleep disturbances(insomnia)	symptoms	Agargun, 2007	patients and normal controls		Melancholic attempters had higher rates of nightmares, middl...... Melancholic attempters had higher rates of nightmares, middle, and terminal insomnia than melancholic non-attempters. More...
depressed mood		Suicide(suicide intent)	symptoms	Liu, 2006	patients only		Compared with nonsuicidal peers, suicidal children and adole...... Compared with nonsuicidal peers, suicidal children and adolescents were more severely depressed, had more depressive symptoms More...
depressed mood		Sleep disturbances(sleep disturbance)	symptoms	Liu, 2007	patients only		Compared with children without sleep disturbance, sleep-dist...... Compared with children without sleep disturbance, sleep-disturbed children were more severely depressed and had more depressive symptoms and comorbid anxiety disorders. More...
depressed mood		Sleep disturbances(insomnia)	symptoms	Pigeon, 2008	patients only		patients with persistent insomnia were 1.8 to 3.5 times more...... patients with persistent insomnia were 1.8 to 3.5 times more likely to remain depressed, compared with patients with no insomnia More...
melancholic symptoms		Rhythm disturbances(rhythm disturbances(morningness-type))	symptoms	Gaspar-Barba, 2009	patients only		the morningness-type group showed lower proportion of melanc...... the morningness-type group showed lower proportion of melancholic symptoms (MINI). More...
depressive symptoms		Anhedonia(anhedonia)	symptoms	Shankman, 2010	patients only		We found that over time physical anhedonia was relatively st...... We found that over time physical anhedonia was relatively stable and related to depressive symptoms (both between and within person). More...
depressed mood		Suicide(suicide attempt)	symptoms	Liu, 2009	patients only		One of the pathways to suicide attempt in mood disorders may...... One of the pathways to suicide attempt in mood disorders may involve maladaptive responses to depressed mood. More...
depressive symptoms		Suicide(suicide)	symptoms	Vitiello, 2009	patients only	P-value < .05	Severity of self-rated pretreatment suicidal ideation (Suici...... Severity of self-rated pretreatment suicidal ideation (Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire adapted for adolescents score > or = 31) and depressive symptoms (Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale score > or = 91) predicted occurrence of suicidal events during treatment (P < .05). More...
feeling blue		Fatigue(fatigue)	symptoms	Pedrelli, 2010	patients only		Fatigue was significantly associated with inability to focus...... Fatigue was significantly associated with inability to focus, alertness, and feeling blue More...
depression		Low energy(psychomotor retardation)	symptoms	Calugi, 2011	patients only		Compared to low scorers, participants with high scores on th...... Compared to low scorers, participants with high scores on the LPR (psychomotor retardation) factor had greater severity of depression and more bipolarity indicators. More...
sad mood		Cardiac vagal control (CVC)(cardiac vagal control (CVC))	signs	Rottenberg, 2007	patients only		In symptom-specific analyses, resting CVC was positively rel...... In symptom-specific analyses, resting CVC was positively related to sad mood and crying and inversely related to middle and late insomnia. More...
depression		Child abuse(childhood abuse)	environment	Heim, 2000	patients and normal controls		Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased ...... Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress compared with controls. This effect was particularly robust in women with current symptoms of depression and anxiety. More...
negative affect		Stress(stress)	environment	Bogdan, 2006	normal people		Stress increased negative affect. Stress increased negative affect.
depressed mood		Sleep deprivation(sleep deprivation)	environment	Wu, 1992	patients and normal controls		Normalization of activity with sleep deprivation is associat...... Normalization of activity with sleep deprivation is associated with a decrease in depression. More...
depressive symptoms		Child abuse(childhood sexual abuse)	environment	Gamble, 2006	patients only		men and women who reported histories of childhood sexual abu...... men and women who reported histories of childhood sexual abuse had more severe depressive symptoms than those without abuse histories More...
depressed mood		Physical exercise(physical exercise)	environment	Deslandes, 2010	patients only		The exercise group showed a significant decrease of depressi...... The exercise group showed a significant decrease of depressive symptoms, which was not observed in the control group. This result was also accompanied by improved treatment response and remission rate after 1 year of aerobic exercise associated with treatment. More...

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Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.

Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

2. User can drag the nodes to rearrange the layout of the network. Click the node will enter the report page of the node. Right-click will show also the menus to link to the report page of the node and remove the node and related edges. Hover the node will show the level of the node and hover the edge will show the evidence/description of the edge.
3. The network is generated using Cytoscape Web

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
depressed mood		5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A(5-HT2 receptor)	protein	Biver, 1997	patients and normal controls		No correlation was found between the [18F]altanserin uptake...... No correlation was found between the [18F]altanserin uptake and the Hamilton rating scale score. More...
depression		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2002	patients and normal controls		No significant correlations were found between amygdala volu...... No significant correlations were found between amygdala volumes and age, age of onset, illness duration, or severity of depression in the patient group. More...
depression		Sensory cortex(somatosensory cortices)	brain morphology and function	Giesecke, 2005	patients and normal controls		Neither the level of symptoms of depression nor the presence...... Neither the level of symptoms of depression nor the presence of comorbid MDD was associated with the results of sensory testing or the magnitude of neuronal activation in brain areas associated with the sensory dimension of pain (primary and secondary somatosensory cortices). More...
depression		Midbrain(midbrain)	brain morphology and function	Parsey, 2006	patients and normal controls		No correlation was found between binding potential in the mi...... No correlation was found between binding potential in the midbrain and severity of depression or number of days without medication. More...
depression		Hippocampus(hippocampal volumes)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2006	patients and normal controls		No significant correlations were found between hippocampal v...... No significant correlations were found between hippocampal volumes and RAVLT performance or severity of depression. More...
depression		Cognitive performance(cognitive dysfunction)	cognition and behavior	Awata, 1998	patients and normal controls		It was not correlated with the severity of depression or glo...... It was not correlated with the severity of depression or global cognitive dysfunction. More...
depression		Sensation(sensory)	cognition and behavior	Giesecke, 2005	patients and normal controls		Neither the level of symptoms of depression nor the presence...... Neither the level of symptoms of depression nor the presence of comorbid MDD was associated with the results of sensory testing or the magnitude of neuronal activation in brain areas associated with the sensory dimension of pain (primary and secondary somatosensory cortices). More...