Symptoms Report

Name	Rumination
Description	Rumination is a way of responding to distress that involves repetitively (and passively) focusing on the symptoms of distress, and on its possible causes and consequences. Rumination is more common in people who are pessimistic, neurotic, and who have negative attributional styles. The tendency to ruminate is a stable constant over time and serves as a significant risk factor for clinical depression. Not only are habitual ruminators more likely to become depressed, but experimental studies have demonstrated that people who are induced to ruminate experience greater depressed mood. There is also evidence that rumination is linked to general anxiety, post traumatic stress, binge drinking, eating disorders, and self-injurious behavior. Rumination was originally believed to predict the duration of depressive symptoms. In other words, ruminating about problems was presumed to be a form of memory rehearsal which was believed to actually lengthen the experience of depression. The evidence now suggests that although rumination contributes to depression, it is not necessarily correlated with the duration of symptoms. Rumination is similar to worry except rumination focuses on bad feelings and experiences from the past, whereas worry is concerned over potential bad events in the future. Both rumination and worry are associated with anxiety and other negative emotional states.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	3 (3/0)

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
rumination		lateral prefrontal cortices(bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC))	brain morphology and function	Putnam, 2008	patients and normal controls		Within the depressed group, lower bilateral PFC activity pre...... Within the depressed group, lower bilateral PFC activity predicted higher levels of rumination More...
rumination		Default mode network(default-mode network (DMN))	brain morphology and function	Hamilton, 2011	patients and normal controls		In the MDD participants, increasing levels of DMN dominance ...... In the MDD participants, increasing levels of DMN dominance were associated with higher levels of maladaptive, depressive rumination and lower levels of adaptive, reflective rumination. More...
rumination		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Park, 2004	patients and normal controls		In adolescents with MDD, induced rumination as compared to d...... In adolescents with MDD, induced rumination as compared to distraction differentially increased depressed mood. More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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