Symptoms Report

Name	Increased agitation
Description	Psychomotor agitation is a series of unintentional and purposeless motions that stem from mental tension and anxiety of an individual. This includes pacing around a room, wringing one's hands, pulling off clothing and putting it back on and other similar actions. In more severe cases, the motions may become harmful to the individual, such as ripping, tearing or chewing at the skin around one's fingernails or lips to the point of bleeding. Psychomotor agitation is a symptom typically found in major depressive disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder, and sometimes the manic phase in bipolar disorder, although it can also be a result of an excess intake of stimulants. The middle aged and the elderly are more at risk to express this condition.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	35 (35/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
psychomotor activation	Pasquini, 2004	patients only	0.90%	The anger/irritability dimension was clinically relevant in ...... The anger/irritability dimension was clinically relevant in 23% of patients. Anger/aggressiveness was especially frequent (21.6%), whereas psychomotor activation was infrequent (0.9%). More...
agitation	Olgiati, 2006	patients only		Agitated depression (AD, a major depressive episode with psy...... Agitated depression (AD, a major depressive episode with psychomotor agitation) was present in 19% of the sample. More...
agitation	Leventhal, 2008	patients only		Results were suggestive that agitated depression was a relat...... Results were suggestive that agitated depression was a relatively specific phenotypic syndrome characterized by irritability, arousal, physical complaints, and vulnerability to anxiety disorders and alcohol dependence; low stability across depressive episodes; and low heritability. More...
increase in energy	Yonkers, 2009	patients and normal controls		Appetite increase, oversleeping and increase in energy (e.g....... Appetite increase, oversleeping and increase in energy (e.g., agitation) were uninformative with regard to an MDD diagnosis. More...
agitation	Taylor, 2010	patients only	P-value < .05	Decreased agitation, increased psychological anxiety, increa...... Decreased agitation, increased psychological anxiety, increased loss of appetite, increased loss of libido, and increased hypochondriasis were all risk factors for relapse and recurrence over a 2-year follow-up (all p<.05), after stratifying on number of previous episodes and controlling for age at onset and whether A-CT responders received continuation phase CT instead of assessment only control. More...
psychological anxiety	Taylor, 2010	patients only	P-value < .05	Decreased agitation, increased psychological anxiety, increa...... Decreased agitation, increased psychological anxiety, increased loss of appetite, increased loss of libido, and increased hypochondriasis were all risk factors for relapse and recurrence over a 2-year follow-up (all p<.05), after stratifying on number of previous episodes and controlling for age at onset and whether A-CT responders received continuation phase CT instead of assessment only control. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
anxiety		rs2230912(rs2230912)	SNP	Hejjas, 2009	patients and normal controls	P-value = 0.01	Both anxiety and depression scores increased as the number o...... Both anxiety and depression scores increased as the number of G-allele increased in the genotype groups (ANOVA for HADS-anxiety: P = 0.01, HADS-depression: P < 0.001) More...
anxiety		P2RX7(P2RX7)	gene	Hejjas, 2009	patients and normal controls	P-value = 0.01	Both anxiety and depression scores increased as the number o...... Both anxiety and depression scores increased as the number of G-allele increased in the genotype groups (ANOVA for HADS-anxiety: P = 0.01, HADS-depression: P < 0.001) More...
psychomotor change		D(2) dopamine receptor(dopamine D2 receptor)	protein	Laruelle, 1995	normal people		The d-amphetamine injection induced a 15% +/- 4% (mean +/- s...... The d-amphetamine injection induced a 15% +/- 4% (mean +/- s.d.) decrease in D2 receptor availability. The d-amphetamine injection induced marked increase in alertness and restlessness scores. The intensity of these behavioral responses correlated with the decrease in D2 availability measured with SPECT. More...
anxiety		Oxytocin-neurophysin 1(oxytocin)	protein	Scantamburlo, 2007	patients only	r=-0.61, P-value=0.005	Results showed a significant negative correlation between ox...... Results showed a significant negative correlation between oxytocin and the scored symptoms depression (r=-0.58, p=0.003) and anxiety (r=-0.61, p=0.005). More...
anxiety		Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(serotonin transporters (5-HTT))	protein	Reimold, 2008	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.01	In patients, low serotonin transporter availability correlat...... In patients, low serotonin transporter availability correlated with high anxiety (thalamus: r=-0.78, P=0.004; midbrain: r=-0.78, P=0.004; amygdala: r=-0.80, P=0.003). More...
agitation		Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha(soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R))	protein	Eller, 2009	patients and normal controls		Further analysis of patients revealed that sIL-2R was positi...... Further analysis of patients revealed that sIL-2R was positively correlated with decreased activity and agitation. More...
anxiety		Norepinephrine(norepinephrine)	molecule	Ferguson, 2002	patients only		Reboxetine, a selective NRI(norepinephrine reuptake inhibito...... Reboxetine, a selective NRI(norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), improves symptoms of psychomotor retardation, anxiety and cognitive disturbance during treatment of MDD. Cognitive disturbance and anxiety were improved in three of four trials. More...
agitation		Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG))	molecule	Yukimasa, 2006	patients only		The levels of plasma MHPG, but not those of HVA (homovanilli...... The levels of plasma MHPG, but not those of HVA (homovanillic acid), were significantly reduced after rTMS treatment, and a negative correlation was observed between the change in plasma MHPG levels and the change in scores of agitation. More...
anxiety		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Vreeburg, 2009	patients and normal controls		Most depression characteristics were not associated with hyp...... Most depression characteristics were not associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity except for comorbid anxiety, which tended to be associated with a higher cortisol awakening response. More...
anxiety		Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(pituitary-adrenal responses)	neurobiological system	Heim, 2000	patients and normal controls		Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased ...... Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress compared with controls. This effect was particularly robust in women with current symptoms of depression and anxiety. More...
psychomotor change		Noradrenergic system(noradrenergic (NE) systems)	neurobiological system	Katz, 1994	patients only		Drug-induced changes in NE primarily with the psychomotor, s...... Drug-induced changes in NE primarily with the psychomotor, secondarily with the mood components of the depressed state More...
anxiety		Serotonergic system(serotonergic (5-HT) system)	neurobiological system	Katz, 1994	patients only		Drug-induced changes in the 5-HT system to be associated wit...... Drug-induced changes in the 5-HT system to be associated with mood aspects, notably anxiety, and depressed mood. More...
anxiety		Beta wave(beta3, 21.5-30.0 Hz)	neurobiological system	Pizzagalli, 2002	patients and normal controls		Depressed subjects showed more excitatory (beta3, 21.5-30.0 ...... Depressed subjects showed more excitatory (beta3, 21.5-30.0 Hz) activity in the right superior and inferior frontal lobe (Brodmann's area 9/10/11) than comparison subjects. In melancholic subjects,right frontal activity correlated positively with anxiety. More...
psychomotor symptom		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate)	brain morphology and function	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with higher normalized metabolism in anterior cingulate. More...
psychomotor symptom		Caudate nucleus(caudate)	brain morphology and function	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in anteroventral caudate. More...
psychomotor symptom		Claustrum(claustrum)	brain morphology and function	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in claustrum. More...
psychomotor symptom		Insula(insula)	brain morphology and function	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in right insula. More...
psychomotor symptom		Putamen(putamen)	brain morphology and function	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in anteroventral putamen. More...
psychomotor symptom		Temporo-parietal connection(temporal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in temporal cortex, More...
anxiety/somatization		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Brody, 2001	patients only		Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX] and tension [TENS]...... Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX] and tension [TENS] was also associated with decreasing ventral anterior cingulate gyrus (AC) and anterior insula activity. More...
tension		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Brody, 2001	patients only		Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX] and tension [TENS]...... Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX] and tension [TENS] was also associated with decreasing ventral anterior cingulate gyrus (AC) and anterior insula activity. More...
anxiety/somatization		anterior insula(anterior insula)	brain morphology and function	Brody, 2001	patients only		Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX] and tension [TENS]...... Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX] and tension [TENS] was also associated with decreasing ventral anterior cingulate gyrus (AC) and anterior insula activity. More...
tension		anterior insula(anterior insula)	brain morphology and function	Brody, 2001	patients only		Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX] and tension [TENS]...... Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX] and tension [TENS] was also associated with decreasing ventral anterior cingulate gyrus (AC) and anterior insula activity. More...
anxiety/somatization		ventral frontal lobe(ventral frontal lobe)	brain morphology and function	Brody, 2001	patients only		Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX], psychomotor retar...... Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX], psychomotor retardation [PR], tension [TENS] and fatigue [FATIG] factors was associated with decreasing ventral frontal lobe metabolism. More...
tension		ventral frontal lobe(ventral frontal lobe)	brain morphology and function	Brody, 2001	patients only		Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX], psychomotor retar...... Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX], psychomotor retardation [PR], tension [TENS] and fatigue [FATIG] factors was associated with decreasing ventral frontal lobe metabolism. More...
anxiety symptoms		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Thomas, 2001	patients and normal controls		the magnitude of the amygdala's signal change between fearfu...... the magnitude of the amygdala's signal change between fearful and neutral faces was positively correlated with the severity of everyday anxiety symptoms More...
anxiety		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	MacMillan, 2003	patients and normal controls		Increased left and right amygdala:hippocampal volume ratios ...... Increased left and right amygdala:hippocampal volume ratios were associated with increased severity of anxiety but not increased severity of depression or duration of illness. More...
anxiety		Hippocampus(hippocampus)	brain morphology and function	MacMillan, 2003	patients and normal controls		Increased left and right amygdala:hippocampal volume ratios ...... Increased left and right amygdala:hippocampal volume ratios were associated with increased severity of anxiety but not increased severity of depression or duration of illness. More...
anxiety		right antero-lateral orbitofrontal cortex(right antero-lateral orbitofrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls		Anxiety severity was directly correlated with rCBF in the ri...... Anxiety severity was directly correlated with rCBF in the right antero-lateral orbitofrontal cortex. More...
anxiety		Hippocampus(hippocampus)	brain morphology and function	Weniger, 2006	patients and normal controls		Smaller left hippocampal volumes of depressive subjects were...... Smaller left hippocampal volumes of depressive subjects were related to higher anxiety scores as well. More...
anxiety		Left amygdala(left amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Weniger, 2006	patients and normal controls		Correlation analyses revealed that larger left amygdala volu...... Correlation analyses revealed that larger left amygdala volumes were significantly related to worse memory performance and to higher anxiety scores of depressive subjects. More...
anxiety		Reward system(brain reward system)	brain morphology and function	Forbes, 2006	patients and normal controls		Depressive and anxiety symptoms were associated with activat...... Depressive and anxiety symptoms were associated with activation in reward-related brain areas. More...
anxiety		right insula(right insula)	brain morphology and function	Yao, 2009	patients and normal controls		Anxiety severity was positively correlated with the ReHo in ...... Anxiety severity was positively correlated with the ReHo in the right insula. More...
anxiety		Thalamus(adhesio interthalamica)	brain morphology and function	Takahashi, 2009	patients and normal controls		the patients with co-morbid anxiety disorders tended to have...... the patients with co-morbid anxiety disorders tended to have a shorter AI (interthalamica) compared with those without More...
anxiety		Orbitofrontal cortex(orbitofrontal cortices)	brain morphology and function	Townsend, 2010	patients and normal controls		In MDD, the presence of anxiety symptoms was associated with...... In MDD, the presence of anxiety symptoms was associated with decreased orbitofrontal activation. More...
anxiety		Grey matter(gray matter volume)	brain morphology and function	Inkster, 2011	patients and normal controls	P(FWE) = .002	MDD+A patients had greater gray matter (GM) volume (P(FWE) =...... MDD+A patients had greater gray matter (GM) volume (P(FWE) = .002) than MDD-A patients in the right temporal cortex extending from the mid-posterior superior temporal gyrus into the posterior middle and inferior temporal gyrus. More...
anxiety		right temporal region(right temporal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Inkster, 2011	patients and normal controls		MDD+A patients had greater gray matter (GM) volume (P(FWE) =...... MDD+A patients had greater gray matter (GM) volume (P(FWE) = .002) than MDD-A patients in the right temporal cortex extending from the mid-posterior superior temporal gyrus into the posterior middle and inferior temporal gyrus. More...
anxiety		Ventral tegmental area(ventral tegmental area)	brain morphology and function	Blood, 2010	patients and normal controls		The MDD subgroup with abnormal FA (fractional anisotropy) va...... The MDD subgroup with abnormal FA (fractional anisotropy) values in VT (ventral tegmental area) exhibited significantly greater trait anxiety than the subgroup with normal FA values in VT. More...
somatic anxiety		bi-temporal connection(bi-temporal connection)	brain morphology and function	Lee, 2011	patients only		A higher symptom severity of somatic anxiety was associated ...... A higher symptom severity of somatic anxiety was associated with higher regional power over widespread cortical regions and lower strengths at bi-temporal, temporo-parietal and fronto-parietal connections. More...
somatic anxiety		Fronto-parietal connection(fronto-parietal connection)	brain morphology and function	Lee, 2011	patients only		A higher symptom severity of somatic anxiety was associated ...... A higher symptom severity of somatic anxiety was associated with higher regional power over widespread cortical regions and lower strengths at bi-temporal, temporo-parietal and fronto-parietal connections. More...
somatic anxiety		Temporo-parietal connection(temporo-parietal connection)	brain morphology and function	Lee, 2011	patients only		A higher symptom severity of somatic anxiety was associated ...... A higher symptom severity of somatic anxiety was associated with higher regional power over widespread cortical regions and lower strengths at bi-temporal, temporo-parietal and fronto-parietal connections. More...
anxiety		Sleep disturbances(sleep disturbance)	symptoms	Liu, 2007	patients only		Compared with children without sleep disturbance, sleep-dist...... Compared with children without sleep disturbance, sleep-disturbed children were more severely depressed and had more depressive symptoms and comorbid anxiety disorders. More...
psychomotor agitation		Psychotic symptoms(psychotic features)	symptoms	Gaudiano, 2008	patients only		Patients with PMD(patients with psychotic major depression) ...... Patients with PMD(patients with psychotic major depression) were more likely to endorse the presence of psychomotor agitation compared with NMD(nonpsychotic major depression) patients. More...
anxiety		Irritability(irritability)	symptoms	Perlis, 2009	patients only		Irritable depression is not a distinct subtype of MDD, but i...... Irritable depression is not a distinct subtype of MDD, but irritability is associated with greater overall severity, anxiety comorbidity and suicidality. More...
anxiety		Rhythm disturbances(rhythm disturbances(eveningness-type))	symptoms	Gaspar-Barba, 2009	patients only		The eveningness-type group showed higher scores in suicidal ...... The eveningness-type group showed higher scores in suicidal thoughts, more impaired work and activities, higher paranoid symptoms, higher scores on the anxiety cluster (HRSD) More...
agitation		Blood pressure (BP)(blood pressure (BP))	signs	Volkers, 2003	patients and normal controls		motor activity parameters and cardiovascular measures of the...... motor activity parameters and cardiovascular measures of the patients were related to agitation and retardation and overall, patients with lower motor activity levels demonstrated lower SBP levels. More...
anxiety		Child abuse(childhood abuse)	environment	Heim, 2000	patients and normal controls		Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased ...... Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress compared with controls. This effect was particularly robust in women with current symptoms of depression and anxiety. More...
anxiety		Stress(stress)	environment	Bogdan, 2006	normal people		Stress increased anxiety. Stress increased anxiety.

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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