Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	Anterior cingulate cortex
Brain Morphology	The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a "collar" form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex.
Brain Function	Anterior cingulate cortex appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy and emotion.
Picture	From Wiki.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	71(70/1)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
anterior cingulate	Liotti, 2002	patients and normal controls		In the remitted group, mood provocation produced a unique ce...... In the remitted group, mood provocation produced a unique cerebral blood flow (rCBF) decrease in pregenual anterior cingulate 24a. More...
anterior cingulate	Davidson, 2003	patients and normal controls		Patients with greater relative anterior cingulate activation...... Patients with greater relative anterior cingulate activation at baseline in response to the negative versus neutral stimuli showed the most robust treatment response. More...
anterior cingulate	Mitterschiffthaler, 2003	patients and normal controls		Patients, compared to controls increased activation in anter...... Patients, compared to controls increased activation in anterior cingulate. More...
anterior cingulate	Kumari, 2003	patients and normal controls		Compared with control participants, patients showed relative...... Compared with control participants, patients showed relatively decreased response in the anterior cingulate (rostral; right) with both negative and positive picture-caption pairs. More...
anterior cingulate cortices (ACC)	Anand, 2005	patients and normal controls		At rest and during exposure to neutral, positive, and negati...... At rest and during exposure to neutral, positive, and negative pictures cortico-limbic related fluctuations (LFBF) correlations were decreased in depressed patients compared to healthy subjects.The finding of increased activation of limbic regions and decreased LFBF correlations between ACC(anterior cinglulate cortex) and limbic regions is consistent with the hypothesis that decreased cortical regulation of limbic activation in response to negative stimuli may be present in depression. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Holmes, 2008	patients and normal controls		Relative to comparison subjects, patients with MDD displayed...... Relative to comparison subjects, patients with MDD displayed higher current density in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) (Brodmann area 10/32) 80 milliseconds after committing an error. More...
anterior cingulate	Knutson, 2008	patients and normal controls		Depressed participants exhibit increasing anterior cingulate...... Depressed participants exhibit increasing anterior cingulate activation during anticipation of increasing gains. More...
anterior cingulate	Steele, 2007	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients did not activate the anterior cingulate t...... Depressed patients did not activate the anterior cingulate to negative feedback. More...
anterior cingulate	Auer, 2000	patients and normal controls		a possible role of altered glutamatergic neurotransmission w...... a possible role of altered glutamatergic neurotransmission within the anterior cingulate in the pathogenesis of major depression More...
anterior cingulate	Rosenberg, 2004	patients and normal controls	MDD (18.7% decrease)	Anterior cingulate glutamatergic concentrations were signifi...... Anterior cingulate glutamatergic concentrations were significantly reduced in patients with MDD. More...
anterior cingulate	Alexopoulos, 2009	patients only		Depressed elders (N=27) had lower FA (fractional anisotropy)...... Depressed elders (N=27) had lower FA (fractional anisotropy) than controls (N=27) in several frontolimbic areas, including the dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate, More...
anterior cingulate gyrus	Awata, 1998	patients and normal controls		(patients with major depressive disorder in late life) compa...... (patients with major depressive disorder in late life) compared with 13 age-matched controls, relative rCBF(regional cerebral blood flow) was significantly decreased bilaterally in the anterior cingulate gyrus More...
anterior cingulate cortex	Cotter, 2001	patients and normal controls	Glial cell density (22%) (P-value = .004) and neuronal size (23%) (P-value =.01)	Glial cell density (22%) (P =.004) and neuronal size (23%) (...... Glial cell density (22%) (P =.004) and neuronal size (23%) (P =.01) were reduced in layer 6 in major depressive disorder compared with controls. More...
anterior cingulate	Gron, 2002	patients and normal controls		Contrasting patients who had major depressive disorder with ...... Contrasting patients who had major depressive disorder with seniors or patients who had Alzheimer's disease showed bilateral activation of the orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate. More...
anterior cingulate gyrus	Videbech, 2002	patients and normal controls		The patients had increased blood flow to anterior cingulate ...... The patients had increased blood flow to anterior cingulate gyrus More...
anterior cingulate cortices (ACC)	Drevets, 2002	patients only		At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism was decreased in th...... At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism was decreased in the subgenual ACC in the unmedicated depressives relative to controls. More...
anterior cingulate	Ballmaier, 2004	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients also exhibited significant bilateral whit...... Depressed patients also exhibited significant bilateral white matter volume reductions and significant CSF volume increases in the anterior cingulate and the gyrus rectus. More...
anterior cingulate	Mirza, 2004	patients and normal controls		Anterior cingulate glutamatergic (Glx) concentrations were s...... Anterior cingulate glutamatergic (Glx) concentrations were significantly lower (19% decrease) in MDD patients versus controls (9.27 +/- 0.43 versus 11.47 +/- 0.26, respectively, p = 0.000). Reduced anterior cingulate Glx in MDD patients was associated with increased severity of functional impairment. More...
anterior cingulate cortex	Rosa-Neto, 2004	patients and normal controls	P-value <.001	Compared with age- and sex-matched controls, normalized K*(a...... Compared with age- and sex-matched controls, normalized K*(an index of serotonin synthesis) was significantly decreased bilaterally in female patients with MD in the anterior cingulate cortex, in the left anterior cingulate cortex in male patients with MD, and in the left mesial temporal cortex in male and female patients with MD (P<.001 for all). More...
anterior cingulate cortex	Holthoff, 2004	patients only		There were significant decreases in metabolism upon remissio...... There were significant decreases in metabolism upon remission with respect to the baseline scan in left prefrontal, anterior temporal and anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral thalamus (SPM analysis) and bilateral putamen and cerebellum (SPM and ROI analyses). More...
anterior cingulate cortices	Neumeister, 2004	patients and normal controls		Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was ...... Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was associated with an increase in regional cerebral glucose utilization in the anterior cingulate cortices in patients with remitted MDD but not in controls. More...
anterior cingulate cortical regions	Oquendo, 2005	patients only		Depressed borderline patients also had less relative uptake ...... Depressed borderline patients also had less relative uptake in the anterior cingulate cortex (BA 32) at baseline compared to depressed patients without BPD (borderline personality disorder) and FEN (fenfluramine) abolished this difference. Borderline pathology in the context of a Major Depressive Disorder is associated with altered activity in anterior cingulate cortical regions. More...
anterior cingulate cortex	Nofzinger, 2005	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients showed larger decreases than healthy subj...... Depressed patients showed larger decreases than healthy subjects in relative metabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex More...
anterior cingulate	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls		Our findings confirmed the prediction that separate symptom ...... Our findings confirmed the prediction that separate symptom domains of the MDD syndrome are related to specific rCBF patterns, and extend results from prior studies that suggested the involvement of anterior cingulate, frontal, limbic and basal ganglia regions in the pathophysiology of MDD. More...
anterior cingulate	Harvey, 2005	patients and normal controls		Within this n-back neural network, depressed patients showed...... Within this n-back neural network, depressed patients showed greater activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate compared to healthy subjects. More...
anterior cingulate	Rosenberg, 2005	patients and normal controls	8.79 SD = 1.68 vs. 11.46 SD = 1.55, respectively, P-value = .0002; 23% decrease	Reduced anterior cingulate glutamate was observed in MDD pat...... Reduced anterior cingulate glutamate was observed in MDD patients versus control subjects (8.79 +/- 1.68 vs. 11.46 +/- 1.55, respectively, p = .0002; 23% decrease). More...
anterior cingulate	Dunn, 2005	patients and normal controls		Unipolars had significantly fewer positive regional correlat...... Unipolars had significantly fewer positive regional correlation coefficients than healthy controls and bipolars. These were significantly different from controls in orbital cortex, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and posterior temporal cortex More...
anterior cingulate volumes	Caetano, 2006	patients and normal controls		The unipolar patients had significantly smaller anterior and...... The unipolar patients had significantly smaller anterior and posterior cingulate volumes bilaterally compared with healthy control subjects. More...
anterior cingulate cortex	Matsuo, 2007	patients and normal controls		The patients showed significant anterior cingulate cortex ac...... The patients showed significant anterior cingulate cortex activation during the task, but the comparison subjects did not (P<0.01). More...
anterior cingulate	Kennedy, 2006	patients and normal controls		In this region(anterior cingulate), a significant decrease i...... In this region(anterior cingulate), a significant decrease in mu-opioid receptor BP during sadness was observed in patients with MDD who did not respond to antidepressant treatment. More...
anterior cingulate activation	Bremner, 2007	patients and normal controls		Patients with untreated depression had a failure of anterior...... Patients with untreated depression had a failure of anterior cingulate activation relative to controls during retrieval of emotional word pairs. More...
anterior cingulate	Miller, 2008	patients and normal controls		Non-remitters had lower 5-HTT binding than controls in midbr...... Non-remitters had lower 5-HTT binding than controls in midbrain, amygdala, and anterior cingulate. More...
anterior cingulate	Dichter, 2009	patients and normal controls		During neutral blocks, the control group demonstrated greate...... During neutral blocks, the control group demonstrated greater activation to targets in the midfrontal gyrus and anterior cingulate relative to the MDD group, replicating previous findings of prefrontal hypo-activation in MDD samples to cognitive control stimuli. During sad blocks, the MDD group demonstrated greater activation in a number of prefrontal regions, including the mid-, inferior, and orbito-frontal gyri and the anterior cingulate, suggesting that relatively more prefrontal brain activation was required to disengage from the sad images to respond to the target events. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Salvadore, 2009	patients and normal controls		Patients with MDD showed robust increases in pretreatment AC...... Patients with MDD showed robust increases in pretreatment ACC activity. Notably, this increase was positively correlated with subsequent rapid antidepressant response to ketamine. Pretreatment rostral ACC activation may be a useful biomarker that identifies a subgroup of patients who will respond favorably to ketamine's antidepressant effects. More...
anterior cingulum	Frodl, 2008	patients and normal controls		Compared with controls, patients showed significantly more d...... Compared with controls, patients showed significantly more decline in gray matter density of the anterior cingulum More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Vasic, 2009	patients and normal controls		Temporally anti-correlated network, healthy controls exhibit...... Temporally anti-correlated network, healthy controls exhibited higher connectivity in the ACC, the ventrolateral and the superior prefrontal cortex compared to MDD patients. More...
anterior cingulate cortices	Korb, 2008	patients and normal controls		MDD subjects showed significantly elevated current density i...... MDD subjects showed significantly elevated current density in delta, theta, alpha, beta1, and beta2 frequency bands relative to controls in anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices. More...
anterior cingulate	Strigo, 2008	patients and normal controls		Subjects with MDD compared with healthy controls showed (1) ...... Subjects with MDD compared with healthy controls showed (1) increased activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate during anticipation of painful relative to nonpainful stimuli, (2) decreased activation in the rostral anterior cingulate during painful stimulation relative to nonpainful stimulation, More...
anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG)	Halari, 2009	patients and normal controls		In all three tasks, adolescents with depression compared to ...... In all three tasks, adolescents with depression compared to healthy controls demonstrated reduced activation in task-relevant right dorsolateral (DLPFC), inferior prefrontal cortex (IFC) and anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG). More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Hooley, 2009	patients and normal controls		Formerly depressed participants responded to criticism with ...... Formerly depressed participants responded to criticism with less activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) than did controls. More...
anterior cingulate cortices (ACC)	Yoshimura, 2010	patients and normal controls		Compared with the normal controls, the depressed patients sh...... Compared with the normal controls, the depressed patients showed hyperactivity in the MPFC and the rostral ACC during the self-referential processing of negative words. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Mak, 2009	patients and normal controls		The depressed participants showed specific difficulty in reg...... The depressed participants showed specific difficulty in regulating negative emotion, which was associated with reduced GMV and concentration in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the inferior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Abnormal structures in the ACC and OFC and the dysregulation of negative emotion may relate to the pathology of major depressive disorder. More...
anterior cingulate cortex	Selvaraj, 2011	patients and normal controls		The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT binding in several ...... The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT binding in several brain regions including anterior cingulate cortex More...
anterior cingulate cortices	Abe, 2010	patients and normal controls		Local areas showing significant gray matter volume reduction...... Local areas showing significant gray matter volume reduction in depressive patients compared with controls were observed in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortices More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Li, 2010	patients and normal controls		Compared with normal controls, depressed subjects showed dec...... Compared with normal controls, depressed subjects showed decreased ReHo (Regional Homogeneity) in bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left medial frontal gyrus, and left middle temporal gyrus. More...
anterior cingulate gyrus	van Tol, 2010	patients and normal controls		We demonstrated lower gray matter volumes of the rostral ant...... We demonstrated lower gray matter volumes of the rostral anterior cingulate gyrus extending into the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus in MDD More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Amico, 2011	patients and high-risk people and normal controls		Patients with MDD exhibited smaller volumes in the ACC compa...... Patients with MDD exhibited smaller volumes in the ACC compared with healthy controls. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Salvadore, 2011	patients and normal controls		Relative to the rMDD(currently-remitted) group the dMDD(curr...... Relative to the rMDD(currently-remitted) group the dMDD(currently-depressed participants) group showed reduced GM(gray matter) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the precuneus and the inferior parietal lobule. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Holsen, 2011	patients and normal controls		fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal intensity changes in...... fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal intensity changes in controls versus MDD in hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, OFC, ACC, and subgenual ACC, findings unrelated to medication status. More...
anterior cingulate cortex	Jin, 2011	patients and normal controls		Our results showed that the topological properties of depres...... Our results showed that the topological properties of depressed adolescents' networks were significantly disrupted compared with HC. Dysregulation of brain regions were found in the anterior cingulate cortex. More...
anterior cingulate cortex	Levesque, 2011	high-risk people		In children whose mothers exhibited higher depressive sympto...... In children whose mothers exhibited higher depressive symptomatology, compared to children whose mothers displayed lower depressive symptomatology, altered neural responses to sad film excerpts were noted in brain regions known to be involved in sadness and MD, notably the insula, anterior cingulate cortex and caudate nucleus, even though the children did not differ in current mood. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Jarnum, 2011	patients and normal controls		A significant decrease in perfusion in the ACC in non-remitt...... A significant decrease in perfusion in the ACC in non-remitters compared with healthy controls at baseline More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Gabbay, 2012	patients and normal controls	t = 3.2; P-value < .003	Compared with control subjects, adolescents with MDD had sig...... Compared with control subjects, adolescents with MDD had significantly decreased ACC GABA/w (t = 3.2; P < .003). More...
anterior cingulate gyrus	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls		During the anticipation phase of the task, the rMDD group wa...... During the anticipation phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively greater activation in bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, in right midfrontal gyrus, and in the right cerebellum. More...
anterior cingulate cortex	Zhu, 2012	patients and normal controls		We observed increased functional connectivity in the anterio...... We observed increased functional connectivity in the anterior medial cortex regions (especially the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex) in MDD patients compared with control subjects. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)	Zhao J, 2012	patients only		We found the transcript levels of GABA(A) receptor beta 2 (G...... We found the transcript levels of GABA(A) receptor beta 2 (GABRB2) and post-synaptic density-95 (PSD-95) to be significantly decreased in the ACC in mood disorder. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
ACC		rs16944(rs16944)	SNP	Baune, 2010	patients only		The imaging analyses show that the number of G-alleles in bo...... The imaging analyses show that the number of G-alleles in both SNPs (rs16944 and rs1143643) was associated with reduced responsiveness of the amygdala and ACC to emotional stimulation. More...
ACC		rs1143643(rs1143643)	SNP	Baune, 2010	patients only		The imaging analyses show that the number of G-alleles in bo...... The imaging analyses show that the number of G-alleles in both SNPs (rs16944 and rs1143643) was associated with reduced responsiveness of the amygdala and ACC to emotional stimulation. More...
anterior cingulate gyrus		AR(AR)	gene	Neumeister, 2006	patients and normal controls		We report that rMDD carriers of one or two copies of the alp...... We report that rMDD carriers of one or two copies of the alpha2CDel322-325-AR exhibit greater amygdala as well as pregenual and subgenual anterior cingulate gyrus neuronal activity in response to sad faces than healthy alpha2CDel322-325-AR carriers and rMDD noncarriers. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)		SLC6A4(5-HTTLPR)	gene	Holmes, 2010	patients only		A variable number of tandem repeats (short (S) vs long (L)) ...... A variable number of tandem repeats (short (S) vs long (L)) in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), relative to L' participants, S' participants showed (1) impaired post-error and post-conflict behavioral adjustments; (2) larger error-related rostral ACC activation; and (3) lower conflict-related dorsal ACC activation. More...
anterior cingulate		Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(serotonin transporter (5-HTT))	protein	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.01	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). More...
anterior cingulate		Mu-type opioid receptor(mu-opioid receptor)	protein	Kennedy, 2006	patients and normal controls		In this region(anterior cingulate), a significant decrease i...... In this region(anterior cingulate), a significant decrease in mu-opioid receptor BP during sadness was observed in patients with MDD who did not respond to antidepressant treatment. More...
anterior cingulate cortex		Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A(monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A))	protein	Meyer, 2006	patients and normal controls		The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly sign...... The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly significantly elevated in anterior cingulate cortex. More...
anterior cingulate		Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(serotonin transporter (5-HTT))	protein	Miller, 2008	patients and normal controls		Non-remitters had lower 5-HTT binding than controls in midbr...... Non-remitters had lower 5-HTT binding than controls in midbrain, amygdala, and anterior cingulate. More...
anterior cingulate cortices		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	Neumeister, 2004	patients and normal controls		Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was ...... Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was associated with an increase in regional cerebral glucose utilization in the anterior cingulate cortices in patients with remitted MDD but not in controls. More...
anterior cingulate		Docosahexaenoic Acids(docosahexaenoic acid)	molecule	Sublette, 2009	patients only		Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), ...... Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) were assessed as a percentage of total phospholipid PUFA (DHA%, AA%, and EPA%, respectively). DHA% correlated negatively with rCMRglu (cerebral metabolic rates of glucose) in prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate. More...
anterior cingulate cortex		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Chen, 2008	patients and normal controls		We found that the amygdala was negatively coupled with the a...... We found that the amygdala was negatively coupled with the anterior cingulate cortex. More...
anterior cingulate cortices (ACC)		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Yoshimura, 2010	patients and normal controls		Functional connectivity analysis revealed positive connectiv...... Functional connectivity analysis revealed positive connectivities between the MPFC, the rostral ACC, and the amygdala. More...
anterior cingulate cortices (ACC)		medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)(medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC))	brain morphology and function	Yoshimura, 2010	patients and normal controls		Functional connectivity analysis revealed positive connectiv...... Functional connectivity analysis revealed positive connectivities between the MPFC, the rostral ACC, and the amygdala. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)		Amygdala(amygdala (AMY))	brain morphology and function	Carballedo, 2011	patients and normal controls		In the right hemisphere, patients show lower connectivity co...... In the right hemisphere, patients show lower connectivity coefficients in the path from the AMY to ACC More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)		Affective network(emotional circuit)	brain morphology and function	Carballedo, 2011	patients and normal controls		The aim of the study is to map a neural network of emotion p...... The aim of the study is to map a neural network of emotion processing. A valid model was established for the left and the right hemispheres showing a circuit involving ACC, OFC, PFC and AMY. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)		Prefrontal cortex(prefrontal cortex (PFC))	brain morphology and function	Carballedo, 2011	patients and normal controls		In the right hemisphere, patients show lower connectivity co...... In the right hemisphere, patients show lower connectivity coefficients in the path from the ACC to PF9. More...
anterior cingulate		Attribution and attitude(negativistic dysfunctional attitudes)	cognition and behavior	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). The magnitude of regional 5-HTT BP can provide a vulnerability to low levels of extracellular serotonin and symptoms of extremely negativistic dysfunctional attitudes. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)		Conflict processing(conflicting cognitive processes)	cognition and behavior	Mitterschiffthaler, 2008	patients and normal controls		Rostral ACC activation was positively correlated with latenc...... Rostral ACC activation was positively correlated with latencies of negative words in MDD patients. These findings highlight the importance of the ACC during monitoring of conflicting cognitive processes and mood-congruent processing in depression. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)		Cognitive processing bias(mood-congruent processing)	cognition and behavior	Mitterschiffthaler, 2008	patients and normal controls		Rostral ACC activation was positively correlated with latenc...... Rostral ACC activation was positively correlated with latencies of negative words in MDD patients. These findings highlight the importance of the ACC during monitoring of conflicting cognitive processes and mood-congruent processing in depression. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)		Emotion(dysregulation of negative emotion)	cognition and behavior	Mak, 2009	patients and normal controls		The depressed participants showed specific difficulty in reg...... The depressed participants showed specific difficulty in regulating negative emotion, which was associated with reduced GMV and concentration in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the inferior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Abnormal structures in the ACC and OFC and the dysregulation of negative emotion may relate to the pathology of major depressive disorder. More...
anterior cingulate cortex		Emotion(emotional reactivity)	cognition and behavior	van Wingen, 2011	patients and normal controls		The depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and...... The depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and healthy individuals on the emotion-labelling but not the emotion-matching task. The labelling deficit was related to increased recruitment of the right amygdala, left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex. More...
anterior cingulate gyrus		Reward processing(reward anticipation)	cognition and behavior	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls		During the anticipation phase of the task, the rMDD group wa...... During the anticipation phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively greater activation in bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, in right midfrontal gyrus, and in the right cerebellum. More...
anterior cingulate		Anhedonia(anhedonia)	symptoms	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with higher normalized metabolism in anterior cingulate. More...
anterior cingulate		Increased agitation(psychomotor symptom)	symptoms	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with higher normalized metabolism in anterior cingulate. More...
anterior cingulate cortex		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Smith, 1999	patients only		Depressive relapse attenuated cognitive task-related activat...... Depressive relapse attenuated cognitive task-related activation in the anterior cingulate cortex. More...
anterior cingulate gyrus		Increased agitation(anxiety/somatization)	symptoms	Brody, 2001	patients only		Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX] and tension [TENS]...... Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX] and tension [TENS] was also associated with decreasing ventral anterior cingulate gyrus (AC) and anterior insula activity. More...
anterior cingulate gyrus		Increased agitation(tension)	symptoms	Brody, 2001	patients only		Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX] and tension [TENS]...... Improvement in anxiety/somatization [ANX] and tension [TENS] was also associated with decreasing ventral anterior cingulate gyrus (AC) and anterior insula activity. More...
anterior cingulate gyrus		Low energy(psychomotor retardation)	symptoms	Brody, 2001	patients only		Improvement in psychomotor retardation [PR] was associated w...... Improvement in psychomotor retardation [PR] was associated with increasing dorsal AC(anterior cingulate gyrus) activity. More...
anterior cingulate cortices		Sleep disturbances(insomnia)	symptoms	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls		Insomnia severity was inversely correlated with rCBF in the ...... Insomnia severity was inversely correlated with rCBF in the right rostral and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices, insula and claustrum. More...
anterior cingulate cortex		Somatic symptoms(somatic-vegetative symptoms)	symptoms	Heinzel, 2009	patients only		somatic-vegetative symptoms correlated with signal changes i...... somatic-vegetative symptoms correlated with signal changes in the pre-genual anterior cingulate cortex. More...
anterior cingulate cortices (ACC)		Depressed mood(depressive symptom)	symptoms	Yoshimura, 2010	patients and normal controls		Compared with the normal controls, the depressed patients sh...... Compared with the normal controls, the depressed patients showed hyperactivity in the MPFC and the rostral ACC during the self-referential processing of negative words. In addition, the activity of these regions during self-referential processing of the negative stimuli was correlated with the depressive symptom severity. More...
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)		Anhedonia(anhedonia)	symptoms	Gabbay, 2012	patients and normal controls	r = -0.50; P-value = .02	Anterior cingulate cortex GABA/w levels were negatively corr...... Anterior cingulate cortex GABA/w levels were negatively correlated with anhedonia scores for the whole MDD group (r = -0.50; P = .02), More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
anterior cingulate	Bremner, 2002	patients and normal controls		Patients with depression had a statistically significant 32%...... Patients with depression had a statistically significant 32% smaller medial orbitofrontal (gyrus rectus) cortical volume, without smaller volumes of other frontal regions including anterior cingulate Brodmann's area 24 (subgenual gyrus), anterior cingulate Brodmann's area 32, subcallosal gyrus (Brodmann's area 25), or whole brain volume. More...