Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	Orbitofrontal cortex
Brain Morphology	The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making. It consists in non-human primates of the association cortex areas brodmann area 11, 12 and 13; in humans it consists of brodmann area 10, 11 and 47 Because of its functions in emotion and reward, the OFC is considered by some to be a part of the limbic system. The OFC anatomically is defined as the part of the prefrontal cortex that receives projections from the magnocellular, medial nucleus of the mediodorsal thalamus. It gets its name from its position immediately above the orbits in which are located the eyes.
Brain Function	The human OFC is among the least-understood regions of the human brain; but it has been proposed that the OFC is involved in sensory integration, in representing the affective value of reinforcers, and in decision-making and expectation. In particular, the human OFC is thought to regulate planning behavior associated with sensitivity to reward and punishment.
Picture	From Wiki.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	34(34/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
orbitofrontal cortex	Smoski, 2009	patients and normal controls		MDD participants showed hyperresponsivity in orbitofrontal c...... MDD participants showed hyperresponsivity in orbitofrontal cortex during reward selection. More...
orbitofrontal cortex	Gron, 2002	patients and normal controls		Contrasting patients who had major depressive disorder with ...... Contrasting patients who had major depressive disorder with seniors or patients who had Alzheimer's disease showed bilateral activation of the orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate. More...
orbitofrontal cortical volume	Bremner, 2002	patients and normal controls	32% smaller	Patients with depression had a statistically significant 32%...... Patients with depression had a statistically significant 32% smaller medial orbitofrontal (gyrus rectus) cortical volume More...
orbitofrontal cortex	Ballmaier, 2004	patients and normal controls		the depressed group showed significant CSF volume reductions...... the depressed group showed significant CSF volume reductions in the orbitofrontal cortex relative to the comparison subjects More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)	Lacerda, 2004	patients and normal controls	in right medial two-way analysis of covariance F(1,60) = 4.285, P-value =.043; left lateral OFC F(1,60) = 4.252; P-value =.044	The MDD patients had smaller gray matter volumes in right me...... The MDD patients had smaller gray matter volumes in right medial [two-way analysis of covariance F(1,60) = 4.285; p =.043] and left lateral OFC [F(1,60) = 4.252; p =.044]. More...
orbitofrontal cortex	Neumeister, 2004	patients and normal controls		Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was ...... Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was associated with an increase in regional cerebral glucose utilization in the orbitofrontal cortex in patients with remitted MDD but not in controls. More...
orbitofrontal cortex	Rajkowska, 2005	patients and normal controls	decreased in MDD (by 30%)	The overall (layers I-VI) packing density of ORB neurons wit...... The overall (layers I-VI) packing density of ORB neurons with pyramidal morphology was markedly decreased in MDD (by 30%) as compared with control subjects. More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)	Lavretsky, 2005	patients and normal controls	P-value < .01	The depressed group had smaller corrected orbitofrontal cort...... The depressed group had smaller corrected orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) total and gray matter volumes compared to the controls (p < .01). More...
orbital cortex	Dunn, 2005	patients and normal controls		Unipolars had significantly fewer positive regional correlat...... Unipolars had significantly fewer positive regional correlation coefficients than healthy controls and bipolars. These were significantly different from controls in orbital cortex, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and posterior temporal cortex More...
orbitofrontal cortex (ORB)	Rajkowska, 2007	patients and normal controls		The density of CB-IR neurons was significantly reduced by 50...... The density of CB-IR neurons was significantly reduced by 50% in depression in the dlPFC and there was a trend toward reduction in the ORB. The size of CB-IR somata was significantly decreased (18%) in depression in the dlPFC with a trend toward reduction in the ORB. More...
orbitofrontal cortex	Bielau, 2007	patients and normal controls		In the orbitofrontal cortex, a higher neuronal density was f...... In the orbitofrontal cortex, a higher neuronal density was found in bipolar and unipolar patients compared with controls. More...
orbitofrontal gray matter volumes	Lavretsky, 2007	patients and normal controls		The depressed group had smaller orbitofrontal gray matter vo...... The depressed group had smaller orbitofrontal gray matter volumes compared to the age-matched normal comparison group. More...
orbitofrontal cortex	Wagner, 2008	patients and normal controls		Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) revealed grey matter decreases...... Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) revealed grey matter decreases in the orbitofrontal cortex. The relative hyperactivation of the rACC in terms of inability to deactivate this region during the Stroop Color-Word Test showed an inverse correlation with grey matter reduction in the orbitofrontal cortex. More...
orbitofrontal cortex	Stockmeier, 2009	patients and normal controls		Antagonist of Serotonin-1A binding was significantly decreas...... Antagonist of Serotonin-1A binding was significantly decreased in outer layers of orbitofrontal cortex in MDD. More...
orbital frontal cortices	Zhang, 2009	patients and normal controls		Compared with healthy participants, patients with major depr...... Compared with healthy participants, patients with major depressive disorder showed significantly decreased local gyrification index in the orbital frontal cortices, More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)	Eddington, 2009	patients and normal controls		patients showed significantly decreased left OFC and increas...... patients showed significantly decreased left OFC and increased right OFC activation compared to controls on trials in which they were exposed incidentally to their promotion and prevention goals More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		The OFC plays a key role in the pathophysiology of major dep...... The OFC plays a key role in the pathophysiology of major depression. More...
orbitofrontal cortex	van Wingen, 2010	patients and normal controls		The fusiform gyrus was involved in memory formation and retr...... The fusiform gyrus was involved in memory formation and retrieval of happy faces in both patient groups, whereas it was involved in memory formation and retrieval of neutral faces in healthy individuals. Similar trait effects were observed during memory retrieval in the orbitofrontal cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus. More...
orbitofrontal cortex	Scheuerecker, 2010	patients and normal controls		As shown by voxel-based morphometry, depressed patients had ...... As shown by voxel-based morphometry, depressed patients had reductions in orbitofrontal cortex volume and increases in cerebellar volume. More...
orbitofrontal areas	Hsu, 2010	patients and normal controls		In MDD patients, positive correlations were found bilaterall...... In MDD patients, positive correlations were found bilaterally in orbitofrontal areas 11 l/47/12m, which are involved in representing negatively valenced stimuli. More...
orbitofrontal cortex	Cooney, 2010	patients and normal controls		Depressed participants exhibited increased activation in the...... Depressed participants exhibited increased activation in the orbitofrontal cortex, subgenual anterior cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as compared with healthy controls during rumination versus concrete distraction. More...
orbital cortices	Nugent, 2011	patients and normal controls		These results are consistent with the known roles of network...... These results are consistent with the known roles of networks within the orbital cortex in both autonomic control and the pathophysiology of MDD. More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)	Holsen, 2011	patients and normal controls		fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal intensity changes in...... fMRI results showed greater BOLD signal intensity changes in controls versus MDD in hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, OFC, ACC, and subgenual ACC, findings unrelated to medication status. More...
frontal (orbital part) regions	Zhang, 2011	patients and normal controls		The MDD patients exhibited reduced nodal centralities in the...... The MDD patients exhibited reduced nodal centralities in the frontal (orbital part) regions. More...
orbital frontal cortex	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls		During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was cha...... During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively decreased activation in bilateral orbital frontal cortex, right frontal pole, left insular cortex, and left thalamus. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
orbitofrontal cortex		KCNK2(TREK1)	gene	Dillon, 2010	normal people		the total number of protective TREK1 alleles was associated ...... the total number of protective TREK1 alleles was associated with stronger responses to gains in several other reward-related regions, including the orbitofrontal cortex. More...
orbitofrontal cortex		Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 protein(DISC1)	protein	Sawamura N, 2005	Patients and nomal controls		In the the subcellular distribution of this DISC1 isoform,...... In the the subcellular distribution of this DISC1 isoform, assessed by the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio in the immunoreactivity of the isoform, is significantly changed in brains from patients with SZ and MD. This altered distribution is also observed in those subjects with substance and alcohol abuse. The changes in MD brains are significantly influenced by substance/alcohol abuse as well as postmortem interval; however, the alteration in SZ brains is free from brain-associated confounding factors, although an interaction with substance/alcohol abuse cannot be completely ruled out. More...
orbitofrontal cortex		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	Neumeister, 2004	patients and normal controls		Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was ...... Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was associated with an increase in regional cerebral glucose utilization in the orbitofrontal cortex in patients with remitted MDD but not in controls. More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)		Estradiol(estradiol)	molecule	Holsen, 2011	patients and normal controls		Hypoactivations in hypothalamus, subgenual ACC, amygdala and...... Hypoactivations in hypothalamus, subgenual ACC, amygdala and OFC in MDD were associated with low estradiol and high progesterone. More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)		Progesterone(progesterone)	molecule	Holsen, 2011	patients and normal controls		Hypoactivations in hypothalamus, subgenual ACC, amygdala and...... Hypoactivations in hypothalamus, subgenual ACC, amygdala and OFC in MDD were associated with low estradiol and high progesterone. More...
orbitofrontal cortex		Serotonergic system(serotonergic (5-HT) system)	neurobiological system	Morris, 1999	patients only		Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., d...... Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., dorsal raphe, habenula, septal region, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex, covaried significantly with plasma levels of tryptophan and ratings of depressed mood. More...
orbitofrontal cortex		Dopaminergic system(dopaminergic system)	neurobiological system	Tremblay, 2005	patients and normal controls	F(1,44) = 11.93, P-value = .001	Subjects with MDD had a hypersensitive response to the rewar...... Subjects with MDD had a hypersensitive response to the rewarding effects of dextroamphetamine (dopaminergic probe), which altered brain activation in the orbitofrontal cortex. More...
orbitofrontal cortex		rostral anterior cingulate(rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC))	brain morphology and function	Wagner, 2008	patients and normal controls		The relative hyperactivation of the rACC in terms of inabili...... The relative hyperactivation of the rACC in terms of inability to deactivate this region during the Stroop Color-Word Test showed an inverse correlation with grey matter reduction in the orbitofrontal cortex. More...
orbitofrontal cortex		Cerebellum(cerebellum)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and cerebellum ...... Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and cerebellum activity showed less connectivity with the OFC in patients than in control subjects More...
orbitofrontal cortex		dorsal anterior cingulate cortex(Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and cerebellum ...... Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and cerebellum activity showed less connectivity with the OFC in patients than in control subjects More...
orbitofrontal cortex		Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		In contrast, functional connectivity between the OFC and the...... In contrast, functional connectivity between the OFC and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), right inferior frontal operculum, and left motor areas was increased in patients compared with healthy control subjects. More...
orbitofrontal cortex		Motor cortex(left motor areas)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		In contrast, functional connectivity between the OFC and the...... In contrast, functional connectivity between the OFC and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), right inferior frontal operculum, and left motor areas was increased in patients compared with healthy control subjects. More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)		Cerebellum(cerebellum)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Cerebellum activity showed less connectivity with the orbito...... Cerebellum activity showed less connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in patients than in control subjects. More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)		dorsal anterior cingulate cortex(dorsal anterior cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activity showed less connec...... Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activity showed less connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in patients than in control subjects. More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)		Motor cortex(left motor areas)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Functional connectivity between the OFC and the left motor a...... Functional connectivity between the OFC and the left motor areas was increased in patients compared with healthy control subjects. More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)		Precuneus(precuneus)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Precuneus activity showed less connectivity with the orbitof...... Precuneus activity showed less connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in patients than in control subjects. More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)		right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Functional connectivity between the OFC and the right dorsol...... Functional connectivity between the OFC and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was increased in patients compared with healthy control subjects. More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)		right inferior frontal operculum(right inferior frontal operculum)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Functional connectivity between the OFC and the right inferi...... Functional connectivity between the OFC and the right inferior frontal operculum was increased in patients compared with healthy control subjects. More...
orbitofrontal cortex		Precuneus(precuneus)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and cerebellum ...... Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and cerebellum activity showed less connectivity with the OFC in patients than in control subjects More...
orbitofrontal cortex		right inferior frontal operculum(right inferior frontal operculum)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		In contrast, functional connectivity between the OFC and the...... In contrast, functional connectivity between the OFC and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), right inferior frontal operculum, and left motor areas was increased in patients compared with healthy control subjects. More...
orbitofrontal volumes		Caudate nucleus(caudate nucleus)	brain morphology and function	Scheuerecker, 2010	patients and normal controls		Within this cerebral network, the orbitofrontal volumes were...... Within this cerebral network, the orbitofrontal volumes were negatively correlated in depressed patients but not in healthy controls with changes in blood oxygen level-dependent signal in the middle frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus, precuneus and supplementary motor area. More...
orbitofrontal volumes		Middle frontal gyrus(middle frontal gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Scheuerecker, 2010	patients and normal controls		Within this cerebral network, the orbitofrontal volumes were...... Within this cerebral network, the orbitofrontal volumes were negatively correlated in depressed patients but not in healthy controls with changes in blood oxygen level-dependent signal in the middle frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus, precuneus and supplementary motor area. More...
orbitofrontal volumes		Precuneus(precuneus)	brain morphology and function	Scheuerecker, 2010	patients and normal controls		Within this cerebral network, the orbitofrontal volumes were...... Within this cerebral network, the orbitofrontal volumes were negatively correlated in depressed patients but not in healthy controls with changes in blood oxygen level-dependent signal in the middle frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus, precuneus and supplementary motor area. More...
orbitofrontal volumes		Motor cortex(supplementary motor area)	brain morphology and function	Scheuerecker, 2010	patients and normal controls		Within this cerebral network, the orbitofrontal volumes were...... Within this cerebral network, the orbitofrontal volumes were negatively correlated in depressed patients but not in healthy controls with changes in blood oxygen level-dependent signal in the middle frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus, precuneus and supplementary motor area. More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)		Amygdala(amygdala (AMY))	brain morphology and function	Carballedo, 2011	patients and normal controls		The left hemisphere shows significant lower connectivity str...... The left hemisphere shows significant lower connectivity strengths in patients than controls, for the pathway that goes from AMY to the OF11. In the right hemisphere, patients show lower connectivity coefficients in the path from the AMY to OF11 More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)		Affective network(emotional circuit)	brain morphology and function	Carballedo, 2011	patients and normal controls		The aim of the study is to map a neural network of emotion p...... The aim of the study is to map a neural network of emotion processing. A valid model was established for the left and the right hemispheres showing a circuit involving ACC, OFC, PFC and AMY. More...
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)		Cognitive processing bias(processing bias)	cognition and behavior	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		The observed imbalance of OFC connectivity seems to represen...... The observed imbalance of OFC connectivity seems to represent a neural mechanism of the processing bias. More...
orbital frontal cortex		Reward processing(reward outcome)	cognition and behavior	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls		During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was cha...... During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively decreased activation in bilateral orbital frontal cortex, right frontal pole, left insular cortex, and left thalamus. More...
orbitofrontal cortex		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Morris, 1999	patients only		Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., d...... Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., dorsal raphe, habenula, septal region, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex, covaried significantly with ratings of depressed mood. More...
orbitofrontal cortex		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Smith, 1999	patients only		Increasing levels of depression after tryptophan depletion w...... Increasing levels of depression after tryptophan depletion were associated with diminished neural activity in the orbitofrontal cortex. More...
orbitofrontal cortex		Suicide(suicide)	symptoms	Monkul, 2007	patients and normal controls		Suicidal patients had smaller right and left orbitofrontal c...... Suicidal patients had smaller right and left orbitofrontal cortex gray matter volumes compared with healthy comparison subjects. More...
orbital frontal cortex		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Wu, 2008	patients only		Positive correlations (defined as reduced HDRS scores associ...... Positive correlations (defined as reduced HDRS scores associated with areas having reduced relative cerebral glucose metabolism after TSD) were found in the inferior frontal/orbital frontal cortex. More...
orbitofrontal cortices		Increased agitation(anxiety)	symptoms	Townsend, 2010	patients and normal controls		In MDD, the presence of anxiety symptoms was associated with...... In MDD, the presence of anxiety symptoms was associated with decreased orbitofrontal activation. More...
orbital cortices		Heart rate (HR)(heart rate variability (HRV))	signs	Nugent, 2011	patients and normal controls		Differences in the rCBF (regional cerebral blood flow) and H...... Differences in the rCBF (regional cerebral blood flow) and HRV (heart rate variability) correlations between depressed and healthy subjects were evident in both the medial and lateral orbital cortices. More...

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Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.

Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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