Gene set analysis suggested up-regulation of a variety of pr......
Gene set analysis suggested up-regulation of a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-2, IL-3, IL-5, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12A, IL-13, IL-15, IL-18, interferon gamma (IFNgamma), and lymphotoxin alpha (TNF superfamily member 1).More...
Positive relationships between IL3 and other components at different levels (count: 0)
Positive relationship network of IL3 in MK4MDD
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1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.
Genetic/Epigenetic Locus
Protein and Other Molecule
Cell and Molecular Pathway
Neural System
Cognition and Behavior
Symptoms and Signs
Environment
MDD
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Negative relationships between IL3 and MDD (count: 0)
Negative relationships between IL3 and other components at different levels (count: 0)
Inhaled allergens encounter antigen presenting cells (APC) t......
Inhaled allergens encounter antigen presenting cells (APC) that line the airway. Upon recognition of the antigen and activation by APC, naive T cells differentiate into TH2 cells, a process that is promoted by interleukin 4 (IL-4). Activated TH2 cells stimulate B cells to produce IgE antibodies in response to IL-4 and IL-13. IgE binds the high affinity IgE receptor at the surface of mast cells, the proliferation and differentiation of which is promoted by IL-9.The crosslinking of mast-cell-bound IgE by allergens leads to the release of biologically active mediators (histamine, leukotrienes) by means of degranulation and, so, to the immediate symptoms of allergy. Activated mast cells and Th2 cells also induce the production of IL-5. IL-5 travels to the bone marrow and regulates the differentiation and egress of eosinophils from the bone marrow into the blood. Moreover activated mast cells and Th2 cells in the lung generate the cytokines interleukin IL-4, IL-13 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. These cytokines stimulate the generation of eotaxin by lung epithelial cells, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Eotaxin then stimulates the selective recruitment of eosinophils from the airway microvessels into the lung tissue. The activation of eosinophils leads to release of toxic granules and oxygen free radicals that lead to tissue damage and promote the development of chronic inflammation.More...
Cytokines are soluble extracellular proteins or glycoprotein......
Cytokines are soluble extracellular proteins or glycoproteins that are crucial intercellular regulators and mobilizers of cells engaged in innate as well as adaptive inflammatory host defenses, cell growth, differentiation, cell death, angiogenesis, and development and repair processes aimed at the restoration of homeostasis. Cytokines are released by various cells in the body, usually in response to an activating stimulus, and they induce responses through binding to specific receptors on the cell surface of target cells. Cytokines can be grouped by structure into different families and their receptors can likewise be grouped.More...
Apoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanisms of cell dea......
Apoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanisms of cell death involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. The 2 major pathways of apoptosis are the extrinsic (Fas and other TNFR superfamily members and ligands) and the intrinsic (mitochondria-associated) pathways, both of which are found in the cytoplasm. The extrinsic pathway is triggered by death receptor engagement, which initiates a signaling cascade mediated by caspase-8 activation. Caspase-8 both feeds directly into caspase-3 activation and stimulates the release of cytochrome c by the mitochondria. Caspase-3 activation leads to the degradation of cellular proteins necessary to maintain cell survival and integrity. The intrinsic pathway occurs when various apoptotic stimuli trigger the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria (independently of caspase-8 activation). Cytochrome c interacts with Apaf-1 and caspase-9 to promote the activation of caspase-3. Recent studies point to the ER as a third subcellular compartment implicated in apoptotic execution. Alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis and accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER cause ER stress. Prolonged ER stress can result in the activation of BAD and/or caspase-12, and execute apoptosis.More...
Blood-cell development progresses from a hematopoietic stem ......
Blood-cell development progresses from a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), which can undergo either self-renewal or differentiation into a multilineage committed progenitor cell: a common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) or a common myeloid progenitor (CMP). A CLP gives rise to the lymphoid lineage of white blood cells or leukocytes-the natural killer (NK) cells and the T and B lymphocytes. A CMP gives rise to the myeloid lineage, which comprises the rest of the leukocytes, the erythrocytes (red blood cells), and the megakaryocytes that produce platelets important in blood clotting. Cells undergoing these differentiation process express a stage- and lineage-specific set of surface markers. Therefore cellular stages are identified by the specific expression patterns of these genes.More...
Fc epsilon RI-mediated signaling pathways in mast cells are ......
Fc epsilon RI-mediated signaling pathways in mast cells are initiated by the interaction of antigen (Ag) with IgE bound to the extracellular domain of the alpha chain of Fc epsilon RI. The activation pathways are regulated both positively and negatively by the interactions of numerous signaling molecules. Mast cells that are thus activated release preformed granules which contain biogenic amines (especially histamines) and proteoglycans (especially heparin). The activation of phospholipase A2 causes the release of membrane lipids followed by development of lipid mediators such as leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4) and prostaglandins (especially PDG2). There is also secretion of cytokines, the most important of which are TNF-alpha, IL-4 and IL-5. These mediators and cytokines contribute to inflammatory responses.More...
The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transc......
The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is one of a handful of pleiotropic cascades used to transduce a multitude of signals for development and homeostasis in animals, from humans to flies. In mammals, the JAK/STAT pathway is the principal signaling mechanism for a wide array of cytokines and growth factors. Following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor, STATs are activated by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases. Once activated, they dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes. In addition to the activation of STATs, JAKs mediate the recruitment of other molecules such as the MAP kinases, PI3 kinase etc. These molecules process downstream signals via the Ras-Raf-MAP kinase and PI3 kinase pathways which results in the activation of additional transcription factors.More...
The process of hematopoesis is regulated by various cytokine......
The process of hematopoesis is regulated by various cytokines. The combination of cytokines stimulates the proliferation and/or differentiation of the various hematopoietic cell types. Bone marrow stromal cells are the major source of hematopoietic cytokines in the non-infecteous state. In the presence of infection, cytokines produced by activated macrophages and TH cells induce hematopoietic activity. The induction by cytokines results in rapid expansion of the population of white blood cells to fight infection. The specific cytokines that affect a step of cell differentiation are placed adjacent to the arrow representing that step. Lines with ? indicate likely, but still hypothetical pathways.More...
Several different cell types coordinate their efforts as par......
Several different cell types coordinate their efforts as part of the immune system, including B cells, T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils. Each of these cell types has a distinct role in the immune system, and communicates with other immune cells using secreted factors called cytokines, including interleukins, TNF, and the interferons. Macrophages phagocytose foreign bodies and are antigen-presenting cells, using cytokines to stimulate specific antigen dependent responses by B and T cells and non-specific responses by other cell types. T cells secrete a variety of factors to coordinate and stimulate immune responses to specific antigen, such as the role of helper T cells in B cell activation in response to antigen. The proliferation and activation of eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils respond to cytokines as well. Cytokine communication is often local, within a tissue or between cells in close proximity. Each of the cytokines is secreted by one set of cells and provokes a response in another target set of cells, often including the cell that secretes the cytokine. Some cytokines, like IL-1, interferons and TNF, stimulate a broad inflammatory response in response to infection or injury. Other cytokines have more specific functions such the following examples. IL-2 stimulates the proliferation and activation of B and T cells. IL-4 plays a role in the differentiation of Th2 cells, in allergic responses, and in the switching of antibody types. IL-5 stimulates the production and maturation of eosinophils during inflammation. IL-8 is a chemokine, a chemotactic factor that attracts neutrophils, basophils and T cells to sites of inflammation. IL-12 and IL-18 are involved in helper T cell differentiation. IL-10 apparently acts to repress secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. The complex interplay of these different cytokine functions with immune cells is essential for correct immune function.More...
Dendritic cells in regulating TH1 and TH2 Development
While T cells and B cells carry out the actions of antigen-s......
While T cells and B cells carry out the actions of antigen-specific immune responses, antigen-presenting cells called dendritic cells are required for this to happen. The name of dendritic cells is based on their shape, with activated dendritic cells displaying long processes on their surface. When immature dendritic cells found throughout the body internalize and present antigen, they express markers that stimulate the activation of lymphocytes, and migrate to lymphocyte rich tissues like the spleen and lymph nodes to initiate immune responses. In addition to stimulating responses against antigens, dendritic cells also produce tolerance to self antigens. Dendritic cells can be derived from either myeloid or lymphoid lineages. Monocyte derived lineages (pDC1) stimulate Th1 cell differentiation while plasmacytoid (lymphoid) dendritic cells (pDC2) induce Th2 cell differentiation. Factors that stimulate the maturation of monocytes derived dendritic cells include GM-CSF, and IL-4. IL-3 stimulates the differentiation of pDC2 cells into DC2 cells. A variety of factors are involved in antigen-recognition and processing by immature dendritic cells and in the maturation of these cells. The transition to mature dendritic cells down-regulates the factors involved in antigen internalization, and increases the expression of MHC, costimulatory molecules involved in lymphocyte activation, adhesion molecules, and specific cytokines and chemokines. Toll-like receptors on the surface of immature dendritic cells recognize microbial components to induce dendritic cell maturation. In addition to stimulating B cell responses, dendritic cells are potent activators of T cells. IL-12 secretion by dendritic cells stimulates T cell responses, particularly differentiation of Th1 cells that produce interferon-gamma and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. While IL-4 generally stimulates Th2 differentiation, the stimulation of Th2 cell formation by DC2 cells does not appear to involve IL-4. The stimulation of Th1 and Th2 cell formation by dendritic cells appears to be balanced by counter-regulation of each pathway by the other. Interferon-gamma produced by Th1 cells blocks the further stimulation of Th1 differentiation by DC1 cells. The IL-4 produced by Th2 cells kills dendritic cell precursors that contribute to Th2 cell creation. Direct interactions between T cells and dendritic cells are enhanced through the expression of adhesion molecules and costimulatory receptors CD80 and CD86 expressed by mature dendritic cells activate T cells in concert with the recognition of antigen/MHC by the T cell receptor. The central role of dendritic cells as modulators of immune responses makes them an important focus of studies about autoimmune disease, transplant rejection, allergies, responses to infections, and other alterations of the immune response.More...
The function of the pro-apoptotic molecule BAD is regulated ......
The function of the pro-apoptotic molecule BAD is regulated by phosphorylation of three sites (ser 112,136 and 155). Phosphorylation at these sites results in loss of the ability of BAD to heterodimerize with the survival proteins BCL-XL or BCL-2. Phosphorylated BAD binds to 14-3-3 and is sequestered in the cytoplasm. While ser-136 phosphorylation is concordant with the activation of Akt, Ser-112 phosphorylation requires activation of the Ras-MAPK pathway. BAD Ser 155 was found to be a major site of phosphorylation induced following stimulation by growth factors and prevented by protein kinase A inhibitors.More...
Inflammation is a protective response to infection by the im......
Inflammation is a protective response to infection by the immune system that requires communication between different classes of immune cells to coordinate their actions. Acute inflammation is an important part of the immune response, but chronic inappropriate inflammation can lead to destruction of tissues in autoimmune disorders and perhaps neurodegenerative or cardiovascular disease. Secreted cytokine proteins provide signals between immune cells to coordinate the inflammatory response. Some cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF act to broadly provoke the inflammatory response while others act on specific types of immune cells. Macrophages and other phagocytotic cells provide a front-line defense against bacterial infection. Macrophages stimulate the inflammatory responses of neutrophils, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in response infection by secreting IL-1 and TNF. IL-1 and TNF cause fever through alteration of the body temperature set-point in the hypothalamus. Fibroblasts and endothelial cells respond to IL-1 and TNF by recruiting more immune cells to the site of inflammation. Secreted IL-8 is a chemokine that attracts neutrophils to sites of infection. Macrophages also present antigen to T helper cells that play a central role in coordinating immune responses. T helper cells induce clonal expansion of T cells that respond to antigen, with IL-2 as a key mediator of T cell proliferation and activation. TGF-beta is a negative regulator of proliferation in many cells, have anti-inflammatory actions in some settings. The cytotoxic activity of Natural Killer cells (NK cells) and lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK cells) toward viral infected or tumor cells is stimulated by IL-2 and other cytokines. T helpers secrete IL-3 and IL-5 to stimulate eosinophil proliferation and activation. Eosinophils are involved in the immune response to parasitic infection. T helper cells are required to stimulate B cell responses as well, with the cytokines IL-10, IL-4 and other cytokines regulating the clonal selection and differentiation of antigen-specific B cells to form antibody-secreting plasma B cells and memory cells. In addition to inducing activation and proliferation of specific differentiated immune cells, cytokines act on hematopoeitic stem cells, causing their proliferation and differentiation into the full range of immune cells.More...
Stem cells in the bone marrow produce a variety of hematopoi......
Stem cells in the bone marrow produce a variety of hematopoietic cell types from common progenitor cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors. CFU-GEMM cells are a key intermediate in the differentiation of granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes and megakaryocytes. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a cytokine produced in the kidneys that, along with other cytokines, induces red blood cell (erythrocyte) differentiation in the bone marrow from CFU-GEMM cells. As the erythrocyte lineage progresses, cells lose their nuclei, and move out of the bone marrow into circulation. The ability of EPO to selectively induce red blood cell differentiation has allowed extensive therapeutic use of the recombinant form of this cytokine to treat anemias.More...
Interleukin-3 promotes the proliferation and differentiation......
Interleukin-3 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells through binding to its receptor. The receptor for IL-3 is a heterodimer with a ligand-specific alpha chain (70 kD, CD123) and a common beta chain (shared with IL-5 and GM-CSF). Signaling is believed to be primarily through Stat5 and the MAPK pathways.More...
Inflammation is a complex response involving many different ......
Inflammation is a complex response involving many different cells and signaling molecules, including the secretion of the cytokine IL-17 by activated T cells. IL-17 secretion is restricted to specific subsets of T cells but the receptor for IL-17 is widely expressed throughout the body, including fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Inflammatory responses involving IL-17 probably contribute to arthritis, asthma, skin immune reactions and autoimmune disorders. Fibroblasts and other cells stimulated by IL-17 are induced themselves to secrete inflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF and Stem Cell Factor (SCF). These cytokines in turn provoke a range of activities, including the stimulation of neutrophil proliferation and differentiation.More...
IL3 related Reactome pathways (count: 0)
IL3 related interactors from protein-protein interaction data in HPRD (count: 6)
Basic Information
Positive relationships between IL3 and other components at different levels (count: 0)
