Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	Frontal Lobe
Brain Morphology	The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to the parietal lobes and superior and anterior to the temporal lobes. It is separated from the parietal lobe by the post-central gyrus primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts associated with the precentral gyrus posteriorly, inferiorly by lateral sulcus[slyvian] which separates it from the temporal lobe, superiorly by the superior margin of the hemisphere and anteriorly by the frontal pole. The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex.
Brain Function	Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
Picture	Source
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	16(15/1)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
frontal regions	Aihara, 2007	patients only		Prior to treatment of the unmedicated MDD, a significant hyp...... Prior to treatment of the unmedicated MDD, a significant hypometabolism in various frontal regions were observed compared with controls. More...
frontal gray matter volumes	Steingard, 2002	patients and normal controls		Significantly larger frontal gray matter volumes were found ...... Significantly larger frontal gray matter volumes were found in the depressed subjects, after controlling for age and whole brain volume. More...
frontal cortices	Messa, 2003	patients and normal controls	P-value = 0.003 ANOVA; P-value = 0.001 ANCOVA	A significant reduction in binding index (BI) of [(18)F]FESP...... A significant reduction in binding index (BI) of [(18)F]FESP ( P=0.003 ANOVA, P=0.001 ANCOVA) was found in DN(drug-naive) patients in the frontal, occipital, temporal and cingulate cortices More...
frontal cortices	Kano, 2004	patients and normal controls		Binding (histamine H1 receptor (H(1)R) binding) potential va...... Binding (histamine H1 receptor (H(1)R) binding) potential values for [(11)C]-doxepin binding in the frontal and prefrontal cortices, and cingulate gyrus were significantly lower in the depressed patients than those in the normal control subjects. More...
frontal regions	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls		Our findings confirmed the prediction that separate symptom ...... Our findings confirmed the prediction that separate symptom domains of the MDD syndrome are related to specific rCBF patterns, and extend results from prior studies that suggested the involvement of anterior cingulate, frontal, limbic and basal ganglia regions in the pathophysiology of MDD. More...
frontal lobes	Taki, 2005	high-risk people and normal controls		Male subjects with Sd(subthreshold depression) had significa...... Male subjects with Sd(subthreshold depression) had significantly smaller volumes of the medial part of the bilateral frontal lobes and the right precentral gyrus than normal male subjects. More...
frontal lobe volumes	Frodl, 2006	patients and normal controls		Hippocampal volumes and frontal lobe volumes were significan...... Hippocampal volumes and frontal lobe volumes were significantly smaller in patients, compared with healthy control subjects. More...
bilateral frontal gyri	Hosokawa, 2009	patients and normal controls		Compared with healthy controls, the depressed UP (unipolar m...... Compared with healthy controls, the depressed UP (unipolar mood disorder) patients showed significantly lower glucose metabolism in the bilateral frontal gyri. More...
frontal regions	Werner, 2009	patients and normal controls		during encoding, depressive patients showed increased activi...... during encoding, depressive patients showed increased activity in the left parahippocampal gyrus and decreased activity in frontal and parietal regions. More...
frontal regions	Paquette, 2009	patients only		Before treatment, excessive high-beta (18-30 Hz) activity wa...... Before treatment, excessive high-beta (18-30 Hz) activity was noted in several brain regions located in the fronto-temporal regions. More...
frontal lobe	Wu, 2011	patients and normal controls		Fractional anisotropy was significantly lower and apparent d...... Fractional anisotropy was significantly lower and apparent diffusion coefficient was significantly higher in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) within the frontal lobe, right middle frontal and left parietal white matter in the MDD group compared with the healthy group. More...
frontal lobe	Jarnum, 2011	patients and normal controls		A significant decrease in perfusion in the frontal lobes in ...... A significant decrease in perfusion in the frontal lobes in non-remitters compared with healthy controls at baseline More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
frontal dysfunction		Low energy(psychomotor retardation)	symptoms	Narita, 2004	patients only		Significant correlations were found between frontal perfusio...... Significant correlations were found between frontal perfusion, interference measure on Modified Stroop Test, and psychomotor retardation in all patients.The present findings suggest that frontal hypoperfusion, frontal dysfunction, and psychomotor retardation were associated with one another in patients with depression. More...
frontal regions		Suicide(suicide)	symptoms	Hwang, 2010	patients and normal controls		Compared with nonsuicidal counterpart, suicidal depression w...... Compared with nonsuicidal counterpart, suicidal depression was associated with decreased GM(gray matter) and WM(white matter) volume in the frontal regions More...
frontal regions		Psychotic symptoms(delusion)	symptoms	Lee, 2011	patients only		A higher symptom severity of delusion was associated with hi...... A higher symptom severity of delusion was associated with higher regional power in the frontal and temporal regions, and lower strengths at inter-hemispheric (frontal, temporal and parietal) and fronto-temporo-parietal connections. More...

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Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.

Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

2. User can drag the nodes to rearrange the layout of the network. Click the node will enter the report page of the node. Right-click will show also the menus to link to the report page of the node and remove the node and related edges. Hover the node will show the level of the node and hover the edge will show the evidence/description of the edge.
3. The network is generated using Cytoscape Web

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
frontal cortices	Ballmaier, 2004	patients and normal controls		No significant group differences were detected in frontal co...... No significant group differences were detected in frontal cortices or any other anatomical region. More...