Symptoms Report

Name	Sleep disturbances
Description	Sleep disturbances mainly include insomnia and hypersomnia. Insomnia is most often defined by an individual's report of sleeping difficulties. Insomnia is typically followed by functional impairment while awake. One definition of insomnia is difficulties initiating and/or maintaining sleep, or nonrestorative sleep, associated with impairments of daytime functioning or marked distress for more than 1 month. Hypersomnia is a disorder characterized by excessive amounts of sleepiness. Hypersomnia can be caused by brain damage and disorders such as clinical depression. Insomnia affects at least 80% of depressed people. Hypersomnia, or oversleeping, can also happen, affecting 15% of depressed people.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	32 (32/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
sleep dysregulation	Emslie, 2001	patients only	P-value = 0.005	On baseline sleep polysomnography, subjects with a later rec...... On baseline sleep polysomnography, subjects with a later recurrence had decreased sleep efficiency and delayed sleep onset (sleep latency > 10 min). Probability of recurrence at 12 months was 0.39 compared to 0.15 in subjects with non-delayed sleep onset (p = 0.005). Baseline suicidal ideation and sleep dysregulation on sleep polysomnography predicted recurrence in a large sample of depressed children and adolescents. More...
sleep continuity disturbances	Staner, 2003	patients only		Compared to the two other clusters, cluster I (n=26) patient...... Compared to the two other clusters, cluster I (n=26) patients showed the most severe sleep continuity disturbances. More...
sleep alterations	Antonijevic, 2003	patients and normal controls		Sleep alterations typically associated with depression, name...... Sleep alterations typically associated with depression, namely a reduction in sleep continuity and slow wave sleep (SWS) and an increase in REM density, were prominent in post- but not in premenopausal patients. More...
sleep disorders	Serretti, 2004	patients only		The most frequently represented depressive symptoms in MDD w...... The most frequently represented depressive symptoms in MDD were Loss of energy/tiredness, Loss of pleasure, Poor concentration, and Sleep disorders. More...
sleep disorders	Bertocci, 2005	patients and normal controls		Depressed subjects reported significantly worse sleep on fou...... Depressed subjects reported significantly worse sleep on four scales: subjective sleep quality, perceived number of awakenings, estimated minutes awake, and perceived ease of waking. I More...
insomnia	Perlis, 2006	normal people		These data suggest that elderly participants with persistent...... These data suggest that elderly participants with persistent insomnia are at greater risk for the development of new onset depression. More...
hypersomnia	Liu, 2007	patients only	9.0% had hypersomnia alone	Of the total sample, 72.7% had sleep disturbance: 53.5% had ...... Of the total sample, 72.7% had sleep disturbance: 53.5% had insomnia alone, 9.0% had hypersomnia alone, and 10.1% had both disturbances. More...
insomnia	Liu, 2007	patients only	53.5% had insomnia alone	Of the total sample, 72.7% had sleep disturbance: 53.5% had ...... Of the total sample, 72.7% had sleep disturbance: 53.5% had insomnia alone, 9.0% had hypersomnia alone, and 10.1% had both disturbances. More...
sleep disturbance	Liu, 2007	patients only	72.7% had sleep disturbance	Of the total sample, 72.7% had sleep disturbance: 53.5% had ...... Of the total sample, 72.7% had sleep disturbance: 53.5% had insomnia alone, 9.0% had hypersomnia alone, and 10.1% had both disturbances. More...
sleep disturbance	Lopes, 2007	patients and normal controls		MDD patients had evidence of disturbed sleep with both analy...... MDD patients had evidence of disturbed sleep with both analyses, but CAP(cyclic alternating pattern analysis) revealed more important changes in NREM(non-rapid eye movement) sleep of MDD patients at baseline than did conventional sleep staging. More...
sleep disturbance	Forbes, 2008	patients and normal controls		The MDD group exhibited less time awake than the control gro...... The MDD group exhibited less time awake than the control group and less stage 1 sleep than the anxiety or control group. More...
sleep disturbances	Friess, 2008	patients and normal controls		As expected patients with depression showed disturbed sleep ...... As expected patients with depression showed disturbed sleep continuity and prolonged latency until slow wave sleep in the first sleep cycle. More...
insomnia	Gureje, 2009	normal people	OR = 3.9, 95% CI 2.5-6.1	Insomnia was comorbid with major depressive disorder (OR = 3...... Insomnia was comorbid with major depressive disorder (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 2.5-6.1) More...
oversleeping	Yonkers, 2009	patients and normal controls		Appetite increase, oversleeping and increase in energy (e.g....... Appetite increase, oversleeping and increase in energy (e.g., agitation) were uninformative with regard to an MDD diagnosis. More...
insomnia	van Mill, 2010	patients only	ORs for insomnia ranging from 1.42 to 3.23	Both current and remitted depressive disorder and current an...... Both current and remitted depressive disorder and current anxiety disorder were associated with insomnia and short sleep duration with odds ratios (ORs) for insomnia ranging from 1.42 to 3.23 and for short sleep duration ranging from 1.41 to 2.53. More...
sleep disturbance	Yetkin, 2010	patients and normal controls		Compared to the normal controls, the PTSD (post-traumatic st...... Compared to the normal controls, the PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) patients with MDD had difficulty initiating sleep, poor sleep efficiency, decreased total sleep time, decreased slow wave sleep (SWS), and a reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency. More...
insomnia	Sunderajan, 2010	patients only		Insomnia symptoms were associated with several indicators of...... Insomnia symptoms were associated with several indicators of a more severe depressive illness. More...
insomnia	O'Brien, 2011	patients only		Among the patients with MDD, 24.7% endorsed severe insomnia ...... Among the patients with MDD, 24.7% endorsed severe insomnia symptoms. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
insomnia		rs76481776(rs76481776)	SNP	Saus, 2010	patients and normal controls		We found a significant association between the T allele of t...... We found a significant association between the T allele of the rs76481776 polymorphism in the pre-miR-182 and late insomnia in MD patients. More...
sleep disturbances		Thyrotropin subunit beta(TSH)	protein	Staner, 2003	patients only		Patients in cluster III (n=48) had the lowest TSH response t...... Patients in cluster III (n=48) had the lowest TSH response to TRH and the less marked sleep EEG alteration. Our results suggest that different biological dysfunctions could each underlie particular neuroendocrine and sleep EEG disturbances in major depression. More...
sleep alterations		Follitropin subunit beta(FSH)	protein	Antonijevic, 2003	patients and normal controls		An inverse correlation was noted between the decline in SWS ...... An inverse correlation was noted between the decline in SWS and sleep continuity and FSH secretion in patients with depression, suggesting a role of menopause for these sleep-endocrine alterations typically associated with major depression. More...
sleep architecture disturbances		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Staner, 2003	patients only		Post-DXM cortisol escape and sleep architecture disturbances...... Post-DXM cortisol escape and sleep architecture disturbances (consisting of a shortening of REMS latency and a decreased SWS) identified patients belonging to cluster II (n=39). Our results suggest that different biological dysfunctions could each underlie particular neuroendocrine and sleep EEG disturbances in major depression. More...
sleep disturbance		Killer Cells, Natural(NK(natural killer) cell)	cell	Frank, 2002	patients only		Consistent with previous studies, sleep disturbance and psyc...... Consistent with previous studies, sleep disturbance and psychomotor retardation possessed significant explanatory power for variance in NK cell number and NKCA(natural killer cell activity), respectively. More...
insomnia		N100(N1)	neurobiological system	Linka, 2009	patients only		Our data revealed a positive correlation of the intensity de...... Our data revealed a positive correlation of the intensity dependent N1 amplitude slope with the degree of certain somatic symptoms of depression: loss of appetite and weight, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction. More...
sleep disturbance		Basal ganglia(basal ganglia)	brain morphology and function	Milak, 2005	patients only		Sleep disturbance correlated positively with metabolism in l...... Sleep disturbance correlated positively with metabolism in limbic structures and basal ganglia. More...
sleep disturbance		Limbic lobe(limbic structures)	brain morphology and function	Milak, 2005	patients only		Sleep disturbance correlated positively with metabolism in l...... Sleep disturbance correlated positively with metabolism in limbic structures and basal ganglia. More...
insomnia		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate cortices)	brain morphology and function	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls		Insomnia severity was inversely correlated with rCBF in the ...... Insomnia severity was inversely correlated with rCBF in the right rostral and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices, insula and claustrum. More...
insomnia		Claustrum(claustrum)	brain morphology and function	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls		Insomnia severity was inversely correlated with rCBF in the ...... Insomnia severity was inversely correlated with rCBF in the right rostral and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices, insula and claustrum. More...
insomnia		Insula(insula)	brain morphology and function	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls		Insomnia severity was inversely correlated with rCBF in the ...... Insomnia severity was inversely correlated with rCBF in the right rostral and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices, insula and claustrum. More...
sleep disturbance		left dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus(left dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Yao, 2009	patients and normal controls		Sleep disturbance severity was positively correlated with th...... Sleep disturbance severity was positively correlated with the ReHo (regional homogeneity) in the left dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus. More...
insomnia		Somatic symptoms(chronic painful physical condition)	symptoms	Ohayon, 2004	patients only		Compared with MDD subjects without chronic pain, MDD subject...... Compared with MDD subjects without chronic pain, MDD subjects with a CPPC(chronic painful physical condition) had a longer duration of depressive symptoms (7 months longer) and were more likely to report insomnia nearly every night (OR = 3.3), More...
insomnia		Suicide(suicide intent)	symptoms	Barbe, 2005	patients only	P-value = .011	Depressed suicidal youth presented more frequently with inso...... Depressed suicidal youth presented more frequently with insomnia (p = .011). More...
insomnia		Suicide(suicidal behavior)	symptoms	McGirr, 2007	patients only		Inter-episode symptom concordance suggests that insomnia is ...... Inter-episode symptom concordance suggests that insomnia is an immediate indicator of suicide risk More...
insomnia		Depressed mood(melancholic features)	symptoms	Agargun, 2007	patients and normal controls		Melancholic attempters had higher rates of nightmares, middl...... Melancholic attempters had higher rates of nightmares, middle, and terminal insomnia than melancholic non-attempters. More...
sleep disturbance		Anhedonia(anhedonia)	symptoms	Liu, 2007	patients only		Across sleep-disturbed children, those with both insomnia an...... Across sleep-disturbed children, those with both insomnia and hypersomnia had a longer history of illness, were more severely depressed, and were more likely to have anhedonia, weight loss, psychomotor retardation, and fatigue than were those with either insomnia or hypersomnia. More...
sleep disturbance		Increased agitation(anxiety)	symptoms	Liu, 2007	patients only		Compared with children without sleep disturbance, sleep-dist...... Compared with children without sleep disturbance, sleep-disturbed children were more severely depressed and had more depressive symptoms and comorbid anxiety disorders. More...
sleep disturbance		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Liu, 2007	patients only		Compared with children without sleep disturbance, sleep-dist...... Compared with children without sleep disturbance, sleep-disturbed children were more severely depressed and had more depressive symptoms and comorbid anxiety disorders. More...
sleep disturbance		Fatigue(fatigue)	symptoms	Liu, 2007	patients only		Across sleep-disturbed children, those with both insomnia an...... Across sleep-disturbed children, those with both insomnia and hypersomnia had a longer history of illness, were more severely depressed, and were more likely to have anhedonia, weight loss, psychomotor retardation, and fatigue than were those with either insomnia or hypersomnia. More...
sleep disturbance		Low energy(psychomotor retardation)	symptoms	Liu, 2007	patients only		Across sleep-disturbed children, those with both insomnia an...... Across sleep-disturbed children, those with both insomnia and hypersomnia had a longer history of illness, were more severely depressed, and were more likely to have anhedonia, weight loss, psychomotor retardation, and fatigue than were those with either insomnia or hypersomnia. More...
sleep disturbance		Decreased appetite(weight loss)	symptoms	Liu, 2007	patients only		Across sleep-disturbed children, those with both insomnia an...... Across sleep-disturbed children, those with both insomnia and hypersomnia had a longer history of illness, were more severely depressed, and were more likely to have anhedonia, weight loss, psychomotor retardation, and fatigue than were those with either insomnia or hypersomnia. More...
insomnia		Suicide(suicidal ideation)	symptoms	Chellappa, 2007	patients only		The results of multivariate analysis showed that only insomn...... The results of multivariate analysis showed that only insomnia had a significant association with suicidal ideation. More...
insomnia		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Pigeon, 2008	patients only		patients with persistent insomnia were 1.8 to 3.5 times more...... patients with persistent insomnia were 1.8 to 3.5 times more likely to remain depressed, compared with patients with no insomnia More...
insomnia		Psychotic symptoms(psychotic features)	symptoms	Gaudiano, 2008	patients only		Patients with PMD(patients with psychotic major depression) ...... Patients with PMD(patients with psychotic major depression) were more likely to endorse the presence of insomnia compared with NMD(nonpsychotic major depression) patients. More...
sleep disturbances		Fatigue(fatigue)	symptoms	Ferentinos, 2009	patients only		The severity of fatigue was significantly correlated with AI...... The severity of fatigue was significantly correlated with AIS (Athens Insomnia Scale) total score, awakenings during the night (AIS item 2), compromised sleep quality (AIS item 5), and ESS score. Sleep quality (AIS item 5) and daytime sleepiness (ESS) were the only significant predictors of the severity of fatigue in the multiple regression analysis. More...
sleep disturbances		Somatic symptoms(pain)	symptoms	Chung, 2010	patients only		Cross-sectional analyses found that insomnia symptoms and qu...... Cross-sectional analyses found that insomnia symptoms and quantitative sleep parameters were related to pain symptoms.This study supports specific role of subjective sleep disturbances and actigraphic measures in predicting pain symptoms in major depressive disorder. More...
insomnia		Cardiac vagal control (CVC)(cardiac vagal control (CVC))	signs	Rottenberg, 2007	patients only		In symptom-specific analyses, resting CVC was positively rel...... In symptom-specific analyses, resting CVC was positively related to sad mood and crying and inversely related to middle and late insomnia. More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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