Cognition and Behavior Report

Name	Reaction time
Description	Mental chronometry is the use of response time in perceptual-motor tasks to infer the content, duration, and temporal sequencing of cognitive operations. Mental chronometry is studied using the measurements of reaction time (RT). Reaction time is the elapsed time between the presentation of a sensory stimulus and the subsequent behavioral response. In psychometric psychology it is considered to be an index of speed of processing. That is, it indicates how fast the thinker can execute the mental operations needed by the task at hand. In turn, speed of processing is considered an index of processing efficiency. The behavioral response is typically a button press but can also be an eye movement, a vocal response, or some other observable behavior.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	18 (17/1)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
reaction time (RT)	Kerr, 2005	patients and normal controls		On the Card Stroop, all patients were significantly slower t...... On the Card Stroop, all patients were significantly slower than normal healthy controls on all three conditions. On the emotional Stroop Test, all patients were slower on neutral, positive, and negative conditions. More...
reaction time (RT) to negative feedback	Steele, 2007	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients did not increase their reaction times to ...... Depressed patients did not increase their reaction times to negative feedback. More...
reaction time (RT) to positive feedback	Steele, 2007	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients did not reduced their reaction times to p...... Depressed patients did not reduced their reaction times to positive feedback. More...
reaction time	Mahlberg, 2001	patients and normal controls		Depressive patients had a significantly longer reaction time...... Depressive patients had a significantly longer reaction time. More...
reaction time	Ortiz, 2003	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients had more errors and had an increase in re...... Depressed patients had more errors and had an increase in reaction time that was superior to the control subjects during the memory test of 5 letters presented. More...
processing speed	Rapoport, 2005	patients only		Subjects with major depression, compared to those without, w...... Subjects with major depression, compared to those without, were found to have significantly lower scores on measures of processing speed More...
slower in response rates	Perez-Edgar, 2006	high-risk people and normal controls		Children of parents with COD (childhood-onset depression) we...... Children of parents with COD (childhood-onset depression) were slower in their response rates compared with control children. More...
greater increases in response time	Mitterschiffthaler, 2008	patients and normal controls		Individuals with depression showed greater increases in resp...... Individuals with depression showed greater increases in response time from neutral to sad words relative to controls. More...
reaction times	Iakimova, 2009	patients and normal controls		Patients exhibited slower reaction times in semantic judgmen...... Patients exhibited slower reaction times in semantic judgment More...
performed more slowly	Schrijvers, 2009	patients and normal controls		Overall, both patient groups performed more slowly than the ...... Overall, both patient groups performed more slowly than the controls. Compared to CFS(chronic fatigue syndrome) patients, patients with MDD needed significantly more time to copy the single lines More...
reaction time	Leung, 2009	patients and normal controls		The differential reduction of reaction time of the depressed...... The differential reduction of reaction time of the depressed group to the previously presented depressive words relative to the previously presented neutral words was greater than that in the control group. More...
prolonged reaction times	Remijnse, 2009	patients and normal controls		Compared with healthy controls, both MDD and OCD patients di...... Compared with healthy controls, both MDD and OCD patients displayed prolonged mean reaction times (RTs) but normal accuracy. In MDD subjects, mean RTs were correlated with disease severity. More...
speed of processing	Elgamal, 2010	patients and normal controls		Verbal memory and speed of processing were impaired in depre...... Verbal memory and speed of processing were impaired in depressed patients, compared with healthy control subjects. More...
processing speed	Tuulio-Henriksson, 2011	patients and normal controls	d = 0.64	Unipolar major depressive disorder associated with slowed pr...... Unipolar major depressive disorder associated with slowed processing speed (d = 0.64). More...
information-processing speed	Yeh, 2011	patients and normal controls	OR = 4.76; 95% CI = 1.57, 14.40	We found information-processing speed and memory were indepe...... We found information-processing speed and memory were independent cognitive domains associated with late-life remitted major depressive disorder. Of the study cohort, 52.3% met the definition of MCI, including 28.5% with amnestic MCI (aMCI) and 23.8% with nonamnestic MCI (naMCI). A clinical correlate of aMCI was the late-onset of disorder (OR = 4.76; 95% CI = 1.57, 14.40) and of naMCI was a higher score on the Framingham stroke risk scale (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.72). More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
reaction time		D(2) dopamine receptor(dopamine D2 receptor)	protein	Shah, 1997	patients and normal controls		There were significant correlations between 123I-IBZM (dopam...... There were significant correlations between 123I-IBZM (dopamine D2/3 ligand) binding in left and right striatum and measures of reaction time. More...
reaction time		D(3) dopamine receptor(dopamine D3 receptor)	protein	Shah, 1997	patients and normal controls		There were significant correlations between 123I-IBZM (dopam...... There were significant correlations between 123I-IBZM (dopamine D2/3 ligand) binding in left and right striatum and measures of reaction time. More...
processing speed		Choline(choline (Ch))	molecule	Elderkin-Thompson, 2004	patients and normal controls		There was a significant difference in the overall pattern of...... There was a significant difference in the overall pattern of associations between the four metabolites (Ch, PCh, Cr, and mI) and verbal learning and processing speed in depressed patients compared to healthy controls. More...
processing speed		Creatine(creatine (Cr))	molecule	Elderkin-Thompson, 2004	patients and normal controls		There was a significant difference in the overall pattern of...... There was a significant difference in the overall pattern of associations between the four metabolites (Ch, PCh, Cr, and mI) and verbal learning and processing speed in depressed patients compared to healthy controls. More...
processing speed		Inositol(myo-inositol (ml))	molecule	Elderkin-Thompson, 2004	patients and normal controls		There was a significant difference in the overall pattern of...... There was a significant difference in the overall pattern of associations between the four metabolites (Ch, PCh, Cr, and mI) and verbal learning and processing speed in depressed patients compared to healthy controls. More...
processing speed		Phosphorylcholine(phosphocholine (PCh))	molecule	Elderkin-Thompson, 2004	patients and normal controls		There was a significant difference in the overall pattern of...... There was a significant difference in the overall pattern of associations between the four metabolites (Ch, PCh, Cr, and mI) and verbal learning and processing speed in depressed patients compared to healthy controls. More...
slower and more variable response times		P200(P200)	neurobiological system	Kemp, 2009	patients and normal controls		The key finding was a dimensional exaggeration of the P200 (...... The key finding was a dimensional exaggeration of the P200 (140-270 ms) to both target (signal) and non-target (noise) stimuli, most pronounced in MDD, followed by PDM, relative to CTL. This exaggeration was coupled with slower and more variable response times, suggesting that neural systems are attempting to compensate for a difficulty in discriminating signal from noise. More...
reaction time		Striatum(striatum)	brain morphology and function	Shah, 1997	patients and normal controls		There were significant correlations between 123I-IBZM (dopam...... There were significant correlations between 123I-IBZM (dopamine D2/3 ligand) binding in left and right striatum and measures of reaction time. More...

---

Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.

Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

2. User can drag the nodes to rearrange the layout of the network. Click the node will enter the report page of the node. Right-click will show also the menus to link to the report page of the node and remove the node and related edges. Hover the node will show the level of the node and hover the edge will show the evidence/description of the edge.
3. The network is generated using Cytoscape Web

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
reaction time	Wagner, 2006	patients and normal controls		With regard to behavioral performance, patients revealed no ...... With regard to behavioral performance, patients revealed no differences in both reaction time and accuracy relative to control subjects. More...