Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	White matter
Brain Morphology	White matter is one of the two components of the central nervous system and consists mostly of myelinated axons. White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color is due to its usual preservation in formaldehyde. A 20 year-old male has around 176,000 km of myelinated axons in his brain.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	42(42/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
white matter	Alexopoulos, 2009	patients only		Depressed elders (N=27) had lower FA (fractional anisotropy)...... Depressed elders (N=27) had lower FA (fractional anisotropy) than controls (N=27) in several frontolimbic areas. More...
frontal white matter	Kumar, 2002	patients and normal controls		myo-Inositol/creatine and choline/creatine ratios were signi...... myo-Inositol/creatine and choline/creatine ratios were significantly higher in the frontal white matter in the major depression group than in the comparison group. More...
hippocampal white matter fibers	Frodl, 2002	patients and normal controls		Both male and female patients showed significant alterations...... Both male and female patients showed significant alterations of left-right asymmetry and significant reductions of left and right hippocampal white matter fibers in relation to healthy comparison subjects. More...
white matter hyperintensities	Nebes, 2002	patients and normal controls	exceeded the 95% Confidence Intervals (CI)	The individual who became depressed during the followup show...... The individual who became depressed during the followup showed an increase in WMH (white matter hyperintensities) volume that exceeded the 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for change in the comparison group. More...
white matter	Tupler, 2002	patients and normal controls		Late-onset depressed patients had more severe hyperintensity...... Late-onset depressed patients had more severe hyperintensity ratings in deep white matter than early-onset patients and controls. More...
frontal white matter	Steingard, 2002	patients and normal controls		Significantly smaller frontal white matter volumes were foun...... Significantly smaller frontal white matter volumes were found in the depressed subjects, after controlling for age and whole brain volume. More...
white matter hyperintensities (WMH)	Taylor, 2003	patients only	P-value = .01	The depressed subgroup that achieved and sustained remission...... The depressed subgroup that achieved and sustained remission had significantly less increases in WMH volume (11.5%) than did the group that did not achieve or sustain remission (31.6%) (P =.01). More...
white matter	Ballmaier, 2004	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients also exhibited significant bilateral whit...... Depressed patients also exhibited significant bilateral white matter volume reductions and significant CSF volume increases in the anterior cingulate and the gyrus rectus. More...
occipital white matter	Kumar, 2004	patients and normal controls		Patients had significantly lower MTRs(Magnetization transfer...... Patients had significantly lower MTRs(Magnetization transfer ratios) in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, the right caudate nucleus and putamen, and the occipital white matter compared with controls. More...
white matter hyperintensities (WMH)	Lin, 2005	patients and normal controls	P-value = 0.024	Relative to control subjects, patients with late-life major ...... Relative to control subjects, patients with late-life major depressive disorder showed more severe brain atrophy (p = 0.043) and white matter hyperintensities (p = 0.024), especially in the periventricular area (p = 0.012). More...
white matter hyperintensities (WMH)	Iosifescu, 2005	patients and normal controls		Hypofolatemic and hypertensive patients had more severe WMHs...... Hypofolatemic and hypertensive patients had more severe WMHs than normal controls. More...
white matter lesion volume	MacFall, 2006	patients and normal controls		subjects with depression exhibited significantly greater tot...... subjects with depression exhibited significantly greater total white matter lesion volume in both hemispheres and in both frontal lobes than did control subjects More...
white matter hyperintensities (WMH)	Iosifescu, 2007	patients only		MDD with anger attacks was associated with higher severity o...... MDD with anger attacks was associated with higher severity of subcortical WMH and of total WMH. More...
white matter	Ma, 2007	patients and normal controls		The patient group exhibited significantly lower fractional a...... The patient group exhibited significantly lower fractional anisotropy values than healthy comparison subjects in the white matter of the right middle frontal gyrus, the left lateral occipitotemporal gyrus, and the subgyral and angular gyri of the right parietal lobe. More...
white matter	Li, 2007	patients and normal controls		Compared with healthy controls, patients with MDD showed sig...... Compared with healthy controls, patients with MDD showed significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values in prefrontal white matter at bilateral 20 mm, right 16 mm and right 12 mm above the AC-PC(anterior commissure-posterior commissure). More...
white matter	Chen, 2009	patients and normal controls		The biochemical abnormalities in late-life major depressive ...... The biochemical abnormalities in late-life major depressive disorder were found on the left side of the frontal white matter. More...
white matter	Kieseppa, 2010	patients and normal controls		Compared with controls, the MDD patients showed a trend for ...... Compared with controls, the MDD patients showed a trend for lower values of fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left sagittal stratum, and suggestive decreased FA in the right cingulate cortex and posterior body of corpus callosum. A novel observer-independent DTI method showed decreased FA in the middle-aged MDD patients in white matter regions More...
hippocampal white matter	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Significantly smaller hippocampal white matter and prefronta...... Significantly smaller hippocampal white matter and prefrontal gray matter volume was observed in patients with MD compared to healthy controls. More...
white matter (WM)	Cullen, 2010	patients and normal controls		Adolescents with MDD demonstrated lower fractional anisotrop...... Adolescents with MDD demonstrated lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the WM tract connecting subgenual ACC to amygdala in the right hemisphere. 10 clusters where adolescents with MDD had significantly lower (uncorrected) FA than the healthy group within WM tracts including right and left uncinate and supragenual cingulum. More...
white matter	Hwang, 2010	patients and normal controls		Late-onset depression was associated with smaller volumes in...... Late-onset depression was associated with smaller volumes in several regions of white matter (subcallosal cingulate cortex, floor of lateral ventricles, parahippocampal region, insula, and the cerebellum). More...
white matter	Dalby, 2010	patients and normal controls		We showed a significant positive association between depress...... We showed a significant positive association between depression severity and fiber tracts intersected by WMLs (white matter lesions) in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus and the right uncinate fasciculus. More...
white matter	Huang, 2011	high-risk people and normal controls		Adolescents at high risk for unipolar depression had lower f...... Adolescents at high risk for unipolar depression had lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the left cingulum, splenium of the corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculi, uncinate, and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculi than did controls. Altered white matter integrity in healthy adolescents at familial risk for unipolar depression suggests that it might serve as a vulnerability marker for the illness. More...
prefrontal white matter	Blood, 2010	patients and normal controls		Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were reduced in dorsolater...... Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were reduced in dorsolateral prefrontal white matter in MDD subjects. More...
white matter	Wu, 2011	patients and normal controls		Fractional anisotropy was significantly lower and apparent d...... Fractional anisotropy was significantly lower and apparent diffusion coefficient was significantly higher in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) within the frontal lobe, right middle frontal and left parietal white matter in the MDD group compared with the healthy group. More...
white matter	Korgaonkar, 2010	patients and normal controls		Significant WM (white matter) integrity deficits were seen o...... Significant WM (white matter) integrity deficits were seen only for the melancholic MDD participants compared with controls. More...
white matter	Aizenstein, 2011	patients and normal controls		The depressed group showed a significantly greater interacti...... The depressed group showed a significantly greater interaction of white matter hyperintensity (WMH) by fMRI activity effect than the nondepressed group. More...
white matter	Gabbay, 2012	patients and normal controls	P-value = 0.04	Anterior cingulate cortex white matter was also significantl...... Anterior cingulate cortex white matter was also significantly decreased in adolescents with MDD compared with controls (P = .04). More...
inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus	Frodl, 2012	high-risk people and normal controls		The unaffected first-degree healthy relatives (UHRs) showed ...... The unaffected first-degree healthy relatives (UHRs) showed greater fractional anisotropy than controls in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFO), More...
right fornix	Frodl, 2012	high-risk people and normal controls		The unaffected first-degree healthy relatives (UHRs) showed ...... The unaffected first-degree healthy relatives (UHRs) showed greater fractional anisotropy than controls in the right fornix. More...
fractional anisotropy	Zhang, 2012	patients and normal controls	P-value < 0.05	Significantly decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and incre...... Significantly decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased radial diffusivity of the right UF were observed in MDD patients compared with HC (p<0.05) More...
uncinate fasciculus	Zhang, 2012	patients and normal controls	r=-0.53, P-value = 0.02	Significantly decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and incre...... Significantly decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased radial diffusivity of the right UF were observed in MDD patients compared with HC (p<0.05). Among MDD subjects, depression severity had a significant negative correlation with normalized number of fibers (NNF) in the right UF (r=-0.53, p=0.02). More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
white matter		SLC6A4(serotonin transporter gene)	gene	Alexopoulos, 2009	patients only		Depressed elderly S-allele carriers also had lower FA (fract...... Depressed elderly S-allele carriers also had lower FA (fractional anisotropy) than L homozygotes in frontolimbic brain areas, More...
prefrontal white matter		DISC1(DISC1)	gene	Hashimoto, 2006	patients and normal controls; cell model		We found a reduction in gray matter volume in cingulate cort...... We found a reduction in gray matter volume in cingulate cortex and a decreased fractional anisotropy in prefrontal white matter of individuals carrying the Cys704 allele compared with Ser/Ser704 subjects. More...
white matter		SLC6A4(serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR))	gene	Frodl, 2008	patients and normal controls		Patients with the La/La genotype had significantly smaller h...... Patients with the La/La genotype had significantly smaller hippocampal gray and white matter than La/La controls. More...
white matter		Nucleoside triphosphate(total NTP)	molecule	Forester, 2009	patients and normal controls	t(51.65) = 4.02; P-value = 0.0002	Total NTP was reduced in the WM (white matter), but not the ...... Total NTP was reduced in the WM (white matter), but not the GM (gray matter), in the pre-treatment depression group (t(51.65) = 4.02; p = 0.0002). More...
white matter		Executive functions(executive function)	cognition and behavior	Kohler, 2010	patients and normal controls		Group differences in memory and executive function follow-up...... Group differences in memory and executive function follow-up scores were associated with ratings of white matter hyperintensities, especially of the deep white matter and periventricular regions. More...
white matter		Memory(memory)	cognition and behavior	Kohler, 2010	patients and normal controls		Group differences in memory and executive function follow-up...... Group differences in memory and executive function follow-up scores were associated with ratings of white matter hyperintensities, especially of the deep white matter and periventricular regions. More...
white matter hyperintensities (WMH)		Suicide(suicide attempt)	symptoms	Ehrlich, 2005	patients only	P-value = 0.02	Bivariate analysis showed that the prevalence of periventric...... Bivariate analysis showed that the prevalence of periventricular WMH was significantly higher in subjects with past suicide attempts (Fisher's Exact Test, p=0.02). More...
white matter hyperintensities (WMH)		Suicide(suicide attempt)	symptoms	Pompili, 2007	patients only	Fisher's Exact Test, P-value = 0.01	Bivariate analysis showed that the prevalence of WMH was sig...... Bivariate analysis showed that the prevalence of WMH was significantly higher in subjects with past suicide attempts (Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.01) and other clinical indicators of elevated suicide risk. More...
white matter		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Komaki, 2008	patients only		Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) scores were sign...... Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) scores were significantly higher in the WMHI (white matter hyperintensity) group than in the NF(no abnormal findings) group. More...
periventricular white matter hyperintensities (PVH)		Suicide(suicidal behaviors)	symptoms	Pompili, 2008	patients only	OR: 8.08	Attempters and nonattempters differed only in the presence o...... Attempters and nonattempters differed only in the presence of PVH--the former were more likely to have PVH. The logistic regression indicated that the presence of PVH was robustly associated with suicidal behaviors after controlling for age (OR: 8.08). More...
white matter		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Vardi, 2011	patients and normal controls		We found that severely depressed, cognitively compromised pa...... We found that severely depressed, cognitively compromised patients with WMH T2-WI (white matter hyperintensities on T2-weighted images) in the basal ganglia display more profuse cerebral perfusion deficits than less depressed patients with WMH T2-WI in other regions or with no WMH T2-WI but are not less responsive to antidepressant treatment. More...
white matter		Carotid artery intima-medium thickness(carotid artery intima-medium thickness)	signs	Chen, 2006	patients and normal controls	r = 0.55, P-value < 0.05	There was a high correlation (r = 0.55, p < 0.05) between th...... There was a high correlation (r = 0.55, p < 0.05) between the carotid IMT(intima-medium thickness) and white matter hyperintensities among patients with late-onset major depressive disorder. More...
white matter		Blood pressure (BP)(blood pressure)	signs	Hoptman, 2009	patients only		white matter integrity assessed by diffusion tensor imaging ...... white matter integrity assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (fractional anisotropy, FA). Significant associations between FA and blood pressure were detected throughout the anterior cingulate and in multiple frontostriatal and frontotemporal regions. More...
white matter hyperintensities (WMH)		Blood pressure (BP)(blood pressure)	signs	Colloby, 2011	patients and normal controls	age-corrected partial correlation r' = 0.31-0.35, P-value<0.05	An association between orthostatic systolic blood pressure d...... An association between orthostatic systolic blood pressure drop and WMH volumes in temporal and parietal regions was found in the depression group (age-corrected partial correlation r' = 0.31-0.35, P<0.05). More...
left hippocampal white matter		Child abuse(emotional childhood neglect)	environment	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		In particular left hippocampal white matter was smaller in p...... In particular left hippocampal white matter was smaller in patients, who had emotional childhood neglect, compared to those without neglect. More...
hippocampal white matter		Stress(childhood stress)	environment	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		In patients, childhood stress also predicted further hippoca...... In patients, childhood stress also predicted further hippocampal white matter alterations independently from the genotype. More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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