Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	Caudate nucleus
Brain Morphology	The caudate nuclei are located near the center of the brain, sitting astride the thalamus. There is a caudate nucleus within each hemisphere of the brain. Individually, they resemble a C-shape structure with a wider "head" at the front, tapering to a "body" (corpus) and a "tail" (cauda). Sometimes a part of the caudate nucleus is referred to as the "knee" (genu). Together the caudate and putamen form the dorsal striatum.
Brain Function	The caudate nucleus is an important part of the brain's learning and memory system. Its function also includes language comprehension and threshold control.
Picture	Source
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	28(28/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
caudate	Forbes, 2009	patients and normal controls		Diminished activation in a caudate region associated with th...... Diminished activation in a caudate region associated with this depression group difference was correlated with lower subjective positive affect in natural environments, particularly within the depressed group More...
caudate	Pizzagalli, 2009	patients and normal controls		Relative to comparison subjects, participants with major dep...... Relative to comparison subjects, participants with major depression showed significantly weaker responses to gains in the caudate bilaterally. More...
caudate nucleus	McCabe, 2009	patients and normal controls		Patients showed increases in the caudate nucleus to the aver...... Patients showed increases in the caudate nucleus to the aversive stimulus. More...
caudate nucleus	Awata, 1998	patients and normal controls		(patients with major depressive disorder in late life) compa...... (patients with major depressive disorder in late life) compared with 13 age-matched controls, relative rCBF(regional cerebral blood flow) was significantly decreased bilaterally in the caudate nucleus. More...
caudate	Vythilingam, 2003	patients and normal controls		Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had a significa...... Compared with control subjects, MDD patients had a significantly lower mean NAA/Cr amplitude in the caudate and a significantly higher mean Cho/Cr amplitude in the putamen, particularly on the right side. More...
caudate	Lee, 2008	patients and normal controls		When shown pictures of sad faces, patients with MDD relative...... When shown pictures of sad faces, patients with MDD relative controls showed decreased activations bilaterally in the caudate. More...
caudate	Selvaraj, 2011	patients and normal controls		The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT binding in several ...... The depressed patients had lowered 5-HTT binding in several brain regions including caudate More...
bilateral caudate	Bluhm, 2009	patients and normal controls		Direct comparison showed significantly reduced correlation b...... Direct comparison showed significantly reduced correlation between the P/PCC(precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex) and the bilateral caudate in depression compared with controls and no areas of increased connectivity in the depressed group. More...
caudate nucleus	Scheuerecker, 2010	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients showed increased activity during emotion ...... Depressed patients showed increased activity during emotion recognition in the caudate nucleus. More...
caudate nucleus	Khundakar, 2011	patients and normal controls		Evidence of moderate reductions in neuronal density was foun...... Evidence of moderate reductions in neuronal density was found in the depressed group in both the dorsolateral and ventromedial areas of the caudate nucleus. More...
caudate	Ritchey, 2011	patients and normal controls		Prior to treatment and relative to controls, patients exhibi...... Prior to treatment and relative to controls, patients exhibited diminished discrimination between emotional and neutral items in the amygdala, caudate, and hippocampus. More...
caudate nucleus	Zhang, 2011	patients and normal controls		The MDD patients exhibited increased nodal centralities, pre...... The MDD patients exhibited increased nodal centralities, predominately in the caudate nucleus. More...
caudate nucleus	Levesque, 2011	high-risk people		In children whose mothers exhibited higher depressive sympto...... In children whose mothers exhibited higher depressive symptomatology, compared to children whose mothers displayed lower depressive symptomatology, altered neural responses to sad film excerpts were noted in brain regions known to be involved in sadness and MD, notably the insula, anterior cingulate cortex and caudate nucleus, even though the children did not differ in current mood. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
caudate nucleus		SLC6A4(5-HTT)	gene	Hickie, 2007	patients and normal controls		In those with depression, the short allele of 5-HTT was asso...... In those with depression, the short allele of 5-HTT was associated with smaller caudate nucleus volumes. More...
caudate		CNR1(cannabinoid receptor 1 gene (CNR1))	gene	Domschke, 2008	patients only		CNR1 rs1049353 G allele carriers also demonstrated weaker bi...... CNR1 rs1049353 G allele carriers also demonstrated weaker bilateral amygdala, putamen and pallidum activity as well as left lateralized caudate and thalamus activity in response to masked happy faces. More...
caudate		Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(serotonin transporter (5-HTT))	protein	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.01	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). More...
caudate		Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A(monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A))	protein	Meyer, 2006	patients and normal controls		The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly sign...... The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly significantly elevated in caudate. More...
ipsilateral caudate nucleus		Dopamine(dopamine)	molecule	Strafella, 2001	normal people		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the p...... Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex induces the release of endogenous dopamine in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus. More...
ipsilateral caudate nucleus		Dopamine(dopamine)	molecule	Strafella, 2003	normal people		We have shown previously that repetitive transcranial magnet...... We have shown previously that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the human prefrontal cortex led to focal dopamine release in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus, supporting the corticostriatal mode of dopamine release. More...
caudate		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	Roiser, 2009	patients and normal controls		Tryptophan depletion differentially affected the groups in t...... Tryptophan depletion differentially affected the groups in terms of hemodynamic responses to emotional words in a number of structures implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD, including caudate. More...
caudate		Dopaminergic system(dopaminergic system)	neurobiological system	Tremblay, 2005	patients and normal controls	F(1,44) = 11.93, P-value = .001	Subjects with MDD had a hypersensitive response to the rewar...... Subjects with MDD had a hypersensitive response to the rewarding effects of dextroamphetamine (dopaminergic probe), which altered brain activation in the caudate. More...
caudate		Right amygdala(right amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Hamilton, 2008	patients and normal controls		The right amygdala was more active and showed greater functi...... The right amygdala was more active and showed greater functional connectivity with the hippocampus and caudate-putamen in depressed than in control participants during encoding of subsequently remembered negative but not neutral or positive stimuli. More...
caudate nucleus		Orbitofrontal cortex(orbitofrontal volumes)	brain morphology and function	Scheuerecker, 2010	patients and normal controls		Within this cerebral network, the orbitofrontal volumes were...... Within this cerebral network, the orbitofrontal volumes were negatively correlated in depressed patients but not in healthy controls with changes in blood oxygen level-dependent signal in the middle frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus, precuneus and supplementary motor area. More...
caudate		Attribution and attitude(negativistic dysfunctional attitudes)	cognition and behavior	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). The magnitude of regional 5-HTT BP can provide a vulnerability to low levels of extracellular serotonin and symptoms of extremely negativistic dysfunctional attitudes. More...
caudate		Reward processing(reward anticipation)	cognition and behavior	Olino, 2011	patients and normal controls		A significant interaction between diagnostic status and outc...... A significant interaction between diagnostic status and outcome condition predicted reward anticipation in the caudate. More...
caudate		Anhedonia(anhedonia)	symptoms	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in anteroventral caudate. More...
caudate		Increased agitation(psychomotor symptom)	symptoms	Dunn, 2002	patients only		In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia sy...... In both unipolars and bipolars, the psychomotor-anhedonia symptom cluster correlated with lower absolute metabolism in anteroventral caudate. More...
caudate		Anhedonia(anhedonia)	symptoms	Harvey, 2007	normal people		Trait anhedonia was inversely related to anterior caudate vo...... Trait anhedonia was inversely related to anterior caudate volume during the processing of positive information. More...
caudate		Anhedonia(anhedonia)	symptoms	Pizzagalli, 2009	patients and normal controls		In the major depression group, anhedonic symptoms were assoc...... In the major depression group, anhedonic symptoms were associated with reduced caudate volume bilaterally. More...
caudate		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Pizzagalli, 2009	patients and normal controls		In the major depression group, depression severity were asso...... In the major depression group, depression severity were associated with reduced caudate volume bilaterally. More...
caudate		Anhedonia(anhedonia)	symptoms	Gradin, 2010	patients and normal controls		The extent of signal reduction in the bilateral caudate corr...... The extent of signal reduction in the bilateral caudate correlating with increased anhedonia severity in depression. More...
caudate nucleus regions		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Smith, 1999	patients only		Increasing levels of depression after tryptophan depletion w...... Increasing levels of depression after tryptophan depletion were associated with diminished neural activity in the caudate nucleus regions. More...
caudate nucleus		Psychotic symptoms(psychotic symptoms)	symptoms	Gonul, 2004	patients and normal controls		Depressive patients with psychotic features (DwPF) showed si...... Depressive patients with psychotic features (DwPF) showed significantly lower rCBF perfusion ratios in left parietal cortex, left cerebellum but had higher rCBF perfusion ratio in the left inferior frontal cortex and caudate nucleus. More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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