Brain Morphology and Function Report

Basic Information

Name	Basal ganglia
Brain Morphology	The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei of varied origin in the brains of vertebrates that act as a cohesive functional unit. They are situated at the base of the forebrain and strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other brain areas. The main components of the basal ganglia are the striatum (also called neostriatum) composed of caudate and putamen, globus pallidus or pallidum composed of globus pallidus externa (GPe) and globus pallidus interna (GPi), substantia nigra composed of both substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and the subthalamic nucleus (STN).
Brain Function	The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including voluntary motor control, procedural learning relating to routine behaviors or "habits" such as bruxism, eye movements, and cognitive, emotional functions. Currently popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection, that is, the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at a given time. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. The "behavior switching" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions.
Picture	From Wiki.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	12(12/0)

Positive relationships between Basal ganglia and MDD (count: 9)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
basal ganglia	D'Haenen H, 1994	patients and normal controls	Mann-Whitney U test P-value = 0.025; The mean basal ganglia/cerebellum uptake ratio was 1.94 (SD= 0.27) in the depressed patients versus 1.74 (SD= 0.17) in the controls.	The basal ganglia/cerebellum 123I-iodobenzamide (a high-affi...... The basal ganglia/cerebellum 123I-iodobenzamide (a high-affinity ligand for D2 receptors) uptake ratio was higher in depressed patients than controls. More...
basal ganglia	Videbech, 2002	patients and normal controls		The patients had increased blood flow to the basal ganglia. The patients had increased blood flow to the basal ganglia.
basal ganglia	Agid, 2003	patients and normal controls	P-value = 0.004	Mean volume of T2-WIH was significantly greater (p=0.004) in...... Mean volume of T2-WIH was significantly greater (p=0.004) in depressed subjects. In the control group T2-WIH(T2-weighted image 'hyperintensities') were exclusively located in the supratentorial hemispheral white matter while in the depressed group T2-WIH were also found in basal ganglia, temporal lobe, cerebellum and brainstem. More...
basal ganglia structures	Milak, 2005	patients only		Total HDRS(Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) score correlate...... Total HDRS(Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) score correlated positively with activity in a large bilateral ventral cortical and subcortical region that included limbic, thalamic, and basal ganglia structures. More...
basal ganglia regions	Perico, 2005	patients and normal controls		Our findings confirmed the prediction that separate symptom ...... Our findings confirmed the prediction that separate symptom domains of the MDD syndrome are related to specific rCBF patterns, and extend results from prior studies that suggested the involvement of anterior cingulate, frontal, limbic and basal ganglia regions in the pathophysiology of MDD. More...
basal ganglia	Fujimoto, 2008	patients only		The 3D-SSP score map showed increased relative metabolism in...... The 3D-SSP score map showed increased relative metabolism in the basal ganglia in both hemispheres in patients compared with controls. More...
basal ganglia	Chen, 2009	patients and normal controls		The biochemical abnormalities in late-life major depressive ...... The biochemical abnormalities in late-life major depressive disorder were found on the basal ganglia. More...
basal ganglia	Amico, 2011	patients and high-risk people and normal controls		Patients with MDD exhibited smaller volumes in the basal gan...... Patients with MDD exhibited smaller volumes in the basal ganglia compared with healthy controls. More...
basal ganglia	Kessler, 2011	patients and normal controls		Relative to control subjects, patients with depression showe...... Relative to control subjects, patients with depression showed increased hemodynamic responses in limbic-paralimbic and subcortical regions (e.g. amygdala and basal ganglia) but no signal decrease in prefrontal regions. More...

Positive relationships between Basal ganglia and other components at different levels (count: 7)

Genetic/epigenetic locus					Protein and other molecule			Cell and molecular pathway			Neural system			Cognition and behavior		Symptoms and signs			Environment

Name in Literature	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Relation Description
Name in Literature	Related Components
basal ganglia		COMT(catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT))	gene	Dillon, 2010	normal people	Results revealed that TREK1 and DAT/COMT genotypes were inde...... Results revealed that TREK1 and DAT/COMT genotypes were independently related to basal ganglia responses to gains. More...
basal ganglia		SLC6A3(dopamine transporter (DAT1))	gene	Dillon, 2010	normal people	Results revealed that TREK1 and DAT/COMT genotypes were inde...... Results revealed that TREK1 and DAT/COMT genotypes were independently related to basal ganglia responses to gains. More...
basal ganglia		D(2) dopamine receptor(dopamine D2 receptor)	protein	D'Haenen H, 1994	patients and normal controls	The basal ganglia/cerebellum 123I-iodobenzamide (a high-affi...... The basal ganglia/cerebellum 123I-iodobenzamide (a high-affinity ligand for D2 receptors) uptake ratio was higher in depressed patients than controls. More...
basal ganglia		Suicide(suicide attempt)	symptoms	Ahearn, 2001	patients only	Unipolar patients with a history of a suicide attempt demons...... Unipolar patients with a history of a suicide attempt demonstrated significantly more subcortical gray matter hyperintensities compared with patients without such a history. Gray matter hyperintensities in the basal ganglia may be especially associated with risk for suicide attempts. More...
basal ganglia		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Kimbrell, 2002	patients and normal controls	Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute r...... Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute rCMRglu in basal ganglia More...
basal ganglia		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Milak, 2005	patients only	Psychic depression correlated positively with metabolism in ...... Psychic depression correlated positively with metabolism in the cingulate gyrus, thalamus, and basal ganglia. More...
basal ganglia		Sleep disturbances(sleep disturbance)	symptoms	Milak, 2005	patients only	Sleep disturbance correlated positively with metabolism in l...... Sleep disturbance correlated positively with metabolism in limbic structures and basal ganglia. More...

Positive relationship network of Basal ganglia in MK4MDD

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Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.

Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

2. User can drag the nodes to rearrange the layout of the network. Click the node will enter the report page of the node. Right-click will show also the menus to link to the report page of the node and remove the node and related edges. Hover the node will show the level of the node and hover the edge will show the evidence/description of the edge.
3. The network is generated using Cytoscape Web

Negative relationships between Basal ganglia and MDD (count: 0)

Negative relationships between Basal ganglia and other components at different levels (count: 0)