Cognition and Behavior Report

Name	Reward processing
Description	A psychological reward is a process that reinforces behavior - something that, when offered, causes a behavior to increase in intensity. Reward is an operational concept for describing the positive value an individual ascribes to an object, behavioral act or an internal physical state. Natural rewards include those that are necessary for the survival of species, such as eating, drinking, sex, and fighting. Secondary rewards derive their value from the primary reward, and include shelter, money, pleasant touch, beauty, music, etc. The functions of rewards are based directly on the modification of behavior and indirectly on the sensory properties of rewards. For instance, altruism may induce a larger psychological reward, although it doesn't cause sensations. Rewards are generally considered more effective than punishment in enforcing positive behavior. Rewards induce learning, approach behavior and feelings of positive emotions.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	13 (13/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
rewarding effects of dextroamphetamine	Cardenas, 2002	patients and normal controls		Severity of depression was significantly correlated with inc...... Severity of depression was significantly correlated with increased rewarding effects of d-amph. More...
reduced discrimination of gain versus nongain outcomes	Knutson, 2008	patients and normal controls		Depressed participants also showed reduced discrimination of...... Depressed participants also showed reduced discrimination of gain versus nongain outcomes. More...
reward-learning	Kumar, 2008	patients and normal controls		Patients with MDD have blunted temporal difference (TD) rewa...... Patients with MDD have blunted temporal difference (TD) reward-learning signals. More...
reward responsiveness	Pizzagalli, 2008	patients and normal controls		Compared to controls, MDD subjects showed significantly redu...... Compared to controls, MDD subjects showed significantly reduced reward responsiveness. More...
reward anticipation	Olino, 2011	patients and normal controls		Depressed youth demonstrated reduced reward anticipation rel...... Depressed youth demonstrated reduced reward anticipation relative to healthy youth. More...
reward processing	Robinson, 2012	patients and normal controls		Impaired reward (but not punishment) reversal accuracy was f...... Impaired reward (but not punishment) reversal accuracy was found alongside attenuated anteroventral striatal response to unexpected reward in depression. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
reward learning		rs5522(rs5522)	SNP	Bogdan R, 2010	normal people		Reward learning was enhanced in val carriers(at rs5522) Reward learning was enhanced in val carriers(at rs5522)
Social hedonic capacity		OPRM1(OPRM1)	gene	Troisi A, 2011	patients and normal controls		Social hedonic capacity is associated with the A118G polymor...... Social hedonic capacity is associated with the A118G polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) in adult healthy volunteers and psychiatric patients More...
reward learning		NR3C2(mineralocorticoid receptor)	gene	Bogdan R, 2010	normal people		Reward learning was enhanced in val carriers(at rs5522 of mi...... Reward learning was enhanced in val carriers(at rs5522 of mineralocorticoid receptor gene) More...
reward processing		Catecholamines(catecholamine)	molecule	Hasler, 2009	patients and normal controls		In the PA(passive avoidance) learning task, CD(catecholamine...... In the PA(passive avoidance) learning task, CD(catecholamine depletion) was associated with reduced responding toward rewarding stimuli More...
reward processing		Putamen(putamen)	brain morphology and function	Remijnse, 2009	patients and normal controls		Imaging results showed MDD-specific hyperactivity in the ant...... Imaging results showed MDD-specific hyperactivity in the anterior insula during punishment processing and in the putamen during reward processing. More...
reward feedback		orbital frontal gyri(orbital frontal gyri)	brain morphology and function	Dichter, 2009	patients and normal controls		Relative to changes in brain function in the matched nondepr...... Relative to changes in brain function in the matched nondepressed group, psychotherapy resulted in functional changes in structures that mediate responses to rewards, including the paracingulate and orbital frontal gyri during reward feedback. More...
reward feedback		paracingulate gyrus(paracingulate)	brain morphology and function	Dichter, 2009	patients and normal controls		Relative to changes in brain function in the matched nondepr...... Relative to changes in brain function in the matched nondepressed group, psychotherapy resulted in functional changes in structures that mediate responses to rewards, including the paracingulate and orbital frontal gyri during reward feedback. More...
reward selection		paracingulate gyrus(paracingulate gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Dichter, 2009	patients and normal controls		Relative to changes in brain function in the matched nondepr...... Relative to changes in brain function in the matched nondepressed group, psychotherapy resulted in functional changes in structures that mediate responses to rewards, including the paracingulate gyrus during reward selection. More...
reward anticipation		right caudate(right caudate nucleus)	brain morphology and function	Dichter, 2009	patients and normal controls		Relative to changes in brain function in the matched nondepr...... Relative to changes in brain function in the matched nondepressed group, psychotherapy resulted in functional changes in structures that mediate responses to rewards, including the right caudate nucleus (i.e., the dorsal striatum), during reward anticipation. More...
reward anticipation		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls		During the anticipation phase of the task, the rMDD group wa...... During the anticipation phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively greater activation in bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, in right midfrontal gyrus, and in the right cerebellum. More...
reward anticipation		right cerebellum(right cerebellum)	brain morphology and function	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls		During the anticipation phase of the task, the rMDD group wa...... During the anticipation phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively greater activation in bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, in right midfrontal gyrus, and in the right cerebellum. More...
reward anticipation		right middle frontal gyrus(right midfrontal gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls		During the anticipation phase of the task, the rMDD group wa...... During the anticipation phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively greater activation in bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, in right midfrontal gyrus, and in the right cerebellum. More...
reward outcome		Orbitofrontal cortex(orbital frontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls		During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was cha...... During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively decreased activation in bilateral orbital frontal cortex, right frontal pole, left insular cortex, and left thalamus. More...
reward outcome		frontal pole(right frontal pole)	brain morphology and function	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls		During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was cha...... During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively decreased activation in bilateral orbital frontal cortex, right frontal pole, left insular cortex, and left thalamus. More...
reward outcome		Insular cortex(left insular cortex)	brain morphology and function	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls		During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was cha...... During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively decreased activation in bilateral orbital frontal cortex, right frontal pole, left insular cortex, and left thalamus. More...
reward outcome		left thalamus(left thalamus)	brain morphology and function	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls		During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was cha...... During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively decreased activation in bilateral orbital frontal cortex, right frontal pole, left insular cortex, and left thalamus. More...
reward anticipation		Caudate nucleus(caudate)	brain morphology and function	Olino, 2011	patients and normal controls		A significant interaction between diagnostic status and outc...... A significant interaction between diagnostic status and outcome condition predicted reward anticipation in the caudate. More...
reward processing		Striatum(striatal region)	brain morphology and function	Robinson, 2012	patients and normal controls		Impaired reward (but not punishment) reversal accuracy was f...... Impaired reward (but not punishment) reversal accuracy was found alongside attenuated anteroventral striatal response to unexpected reward in depression. More...
decreased motivation for rewards		Anhedonia(anhedonia)	symptoms	Treadway, 2009	normal people		Across multiple analyses, we found a significant inverse rel...... Across multiple analyses, we found a significant inverse relationship between anhedonia and willingness to expend effort for rewards. These findings suggest that anhedonia is specifically associated with decreased motivation for rewards More...

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