Neurobiological Component Report

Name	Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Description	Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) is a normal stage of sleep characterized by the random movement of the eyes. Criteria for REM sleep includes rapid eye movement, but also low muscle tone and a rapid, low-voltage EEG; these features are easily discernible in a polysomnogram, the sleep study typically done for patients with suspected sleep disorders. REM sleep in adult humans typically occupies 20-25% of total sleep, about 90-120 minutes of a night's sleep. During REM, the activity of the brain's neurons are quite similar to that during waking hours; for this reason, the REM-sleep stage may be called paradoxical sleep.
Picture	From Wiki.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	12 (12/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep	Liscombe, 2002	patients and normal controls		Aside from REM latency, none of the key sleep macroarchitect...... Aside from REM latency, none of the key sleep macroarchitectural variables differentiated MDD patients from controls. REM latency was longest in men with MDD. More...
REM sleep	Rao, 2002	patients and normal controls		Depressed subjects who had a unipolar course showed reduced ...... Depressed subjects who had a unipolar course showed reduced REM latency, higher REM density, and more REM sleep (specifically in the early part of the night) compared with controls who remained free from psychopathology at follow-up. More...
REM sleep	Nofzinger, 2004	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients showed greater REM sleep percentages. Depressed patients showed greater REM sleep percentages.
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep	Le Bon, 2009	patients only		Results showed significant correlations between the number o...... Results showed significant correlations between the number of cycles and REMS, and between the number of cycles and RL(REMS Latency), whereas correlations with NREMS (non-rapid eye movement sleep) were not significant. More...
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep	Rao, 2008	patients and normal controls		Compared with controls, depressed adolescents had significan...... Compared with controls, depressed adolescents had significantly reduced sleep efficiency, shorter latency to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, increased phasic REM sleep. The findings that EEG sleep measures are independent of clinical state, whereas HPA variables are state dependent, suggest that sleep and HPA measures make a differential contribution to our understanding of the pathophysiology and prognosis of mood disorders in adolescent patients. More...
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep	Rao, 2009	high-risk people and normal controls		Compared with normal controls, adolescents at high risk for ...... Compared with normal controls, adolescents at high risk for depression had shorter latency to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, increased phasic REM sleep, more REM sleep and elevated nocturnal urinary-free cortisol (NUFC) excretion at baseline. The findings that REM sleep abnormalities and elevated HPA activity occur before the onset of depression in at-risk adolescents suggest that these variables serve as vulnerability markers for the illness. More...
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep	Yetkin, 2010	patients and normal controls		Compared to the normal controls, the PTSD (post-traumatic st...... Compared to the normal controls, the PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) patients with MDD had decreased slow wave sleep (SWS), and a reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep		Interleukin-6(interleukin-6 (IL-6))	protein	Motivala, 2005	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.05	Both sleep latency and rapid eye movement (REM) density had ...... Both sleep latency and rapid eye movement (REM) density had moderate correlations with IL-6 and sICAM (r's > or = 0.30). Backward regression analyses indicated that sleep latency (beta = 0.34, p <.05) and REM density (beta = 0.27, p = .09) were better predictors of IL-6 than depressive status. More...
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep		Intercellular adhesion molecule 1(soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM))	protein	Motivala, 2005	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.05	Both sleep latency and rapid eye movement (REM) density had ...... Both sleep latency and rapid eye movement (REM) density had moderate correlations with IL-6 and sICAM (r's > or = 0.30). Sleep latency (beta = 0.27, p = .06) and REM density (beta = 0.32, p = .02) were also better predictors of sICAM. More...
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep		Pro-opiomelanocortin(ACTH)	protein	Friess, 2008	patients and normal controls		We also observed an inverse association between the ACTH res...... We also observed an inverse association between the ACTH response to the Dex/CRH-test and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) density in HRPs, with suggestive evidence also in patients, but not in controls More...
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Staner, 2003	patients only		Post-DXM cortisol escape and sleep architecture disturbances...... Post-DXM cortisol escape and sleep architecture disturbances (consisting of a shortening of REMS latency and a decreased SWS) identified patients belonging to cluster II (n=39). Our results suggest that different biological dysfunctions could each underlie particular neuroendocrine and sleep EEG disturbances in major depression. More...
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep		Alpha wave(alpha)	neurobiological system	Liscombe, 2002	patients and normal controls		In general, slower frequencies declined across REM periods, ...... In general, slower frequencies declined across REM periods, with a significant REM period effect for delta, theta and alpha amplitude. More...
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep		Delta wave(delta)	neurobiological system	Liscombe, 2002	patients and normal controls		In general, slower frequencies declined across REM periods, ...... In general, slower frequencies declined across REM periods, with a significant REM period effect for delta, theta and alpha amplitude. More...
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep		Theta wave(theta)	neurobiological system	Liscombe, 2002	patients and normal controls		In general, slower frequencies declined across REM periods, ...... In general, slower frequencies declined across REM periods, with a significant REM period effect for delta, theta and alpha amplitude. More...
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep		Serotonergic system(serotonergic system)	neurobiological system	Landolt, 2003	patients only		We administered a tryptophan-free amino acid drink (TFD) kno...... We administered a tryptophan-free amino acid drink (TFD) known to reduce plasma tryptophan and brain levels of serotonin. The TFD reversed the REM sleep suppression, while the control drink (TFD plus tryptophan) had virtually no effect on sleep. More...
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep		Cholinergic system(cholinergic systems)	neurobiological system	Rao, 2004	patients only		The results also suggest that the central cholinergic system...... The results also suggest that the central cholinergic system(s) that regulate(s) REM sleep may be more sensitive to dysregulation than the cholinergic system(s) that control(s) nocturnal cortisol secretion. More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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