Environment Report

Name	Child abuse
Description	Child abuse is the physical, sexual, emotional mistreatment, or neglect of children. Child abuse can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and child sexual abuse. Child abuse (physical, emotional, sexual, or neglect) is also associated with increased risk of developing depressive disorders later in life. Such a link has good face validity given that it is during the years of development that a child is learning how to become a social being. Abuse of the child by the caregiver is bound to distort the developing personality and create a much greater risk for depression and many other debilitating mental and emotional states.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	18(19/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
childhood abuse	Vythilingam, 2002	patients and normal controls		The depressed subjects with childhood abuse had an 18% small...... The depressed subjects with childhood abuse had an 18% smaller mean left hippocampal volume than the nonabused depressed subjects and a 15% smaller mean left hippocampal volume than the healthy subjects. More...
childhood trauma	Heim, 2008	patients and normal controls		Men with childhood trauma histories exhibited increases in A...... Men with childhood trauma histories exhibited increases in ACTH and cortisol responses to dexamethasone/CRF compared with non-abused men. In particular, abused men with current MDD showed increased responsiveness compared with control subjects and depressed men without childhood abuse experience More...
childhood adversity	Lenze, 2008	patients and normal controls		We found that childhood adversity was associated with a hist...... We found that childhood adversity was associated with a history of recurrent depression and with earlier age of depression onset. More...
emotional neglect	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Patients carrying the risk S-allele developed smaller hippoc...... Patients carrying the risk S-allele developed smaller hippocampal volumes when they had a history of emotional neglect compared with patients who only had one risk factor (environmental or genetic). More...
childhood sexual abuse	Cong E, 2011	patients and normal controls		Any form of CSA was significantly associated with recurrent ...... Any form of CSA was significantly associated with recurrent MD [OR 3.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.95-5.45]. This association strengthened with increasing CSA severity: non-genital (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.17-5.23), genital (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.32-5.83) and intercourse (OR 13.35, 95% CI 1.83-97.42). The association between any form of CSA and MD remained significant after accounting for parental history of depression, childhood emotional neglect (CEN), childhood physical abuse (CPA) and parent-child relationship. Among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes and an increased risk for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.39-2.66) and dysthymia (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.52-3.09). More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
childhood abuse		rs1360780(rs1360780)	SNP	Appel, 2011	normal people	RERI=6.8; 95% CI=0.64-33.7; P-value<0.05	Significant interaction (p=0.006) of physical abuse with the...... Significant interaction (p=0.006) of physical abuse with the TT genotype of rs1360780 was found increasing the BDI-II score to 17.4 (95% confidence interval (CI)=12.0-22.9) compared with 10.0 (8.2-11.7) in exposed CC/CT carriers. Likewise, the adjusted odds ratio for MDD in exposed TT carriers was 8.2 (95% CI=1.9-35.0) compared with 1.3 (0.8-2.3) in exposed subjects with CC/CT genotypes. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) analyses confirmed a significant additive interaction effect (RERI=6.8; 95% CI=0.64-33.7; p<0.05). In explorative analyses, the most severe degree of sexual and emotional abuse also yielded significant interaction effects (p<0.05). More...
childhood maltreatment		Pro-opiomelanocortin(adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH))	protein	Carpenter, 2007	normal people		Compared with CTLs(without childhood maltreatment), MAL(chil...... Compared with CTLs(without childhood maltreatment), MAL(childhood maltreatment) subjects exhibited significantly lower cortisol and ACTH baseline-to-peak deltas. More...
childhood trauma		Pro-opiomelanocortin(ACTH)	protein	Heim, 2008	patients and normal controls		Men with childhood trauma histories exhibited increases in A...... Men with childhood trauma histories exhibited increases in ACTH and cortisol responses to dexamethasone/CRF compared with non-abused men. More...
childhood physical neglect		Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)	protein	Grassi-Oliveira, 2008	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.05	Major depressive disorder + CPN(childhood physical neglect) ...... Major depressive disorder + CPN(childhood physical neglect) had even lower BDNF levels compared with control subjects and MDD (p < .05). More...
childhood abuse		Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(brain serotonin transporter (5-HTT))	protein	Miller, 2009	patients only	P-value = 0.017	Depressed subjects reporting childhood abuse had lower 5-HTT...... Depressed subjects reporting childhood abuse had lower 5-HTT BP(P) than nonabused depressed subjects across all brain regions examined (P = 0.017). More...
childhood abuse		Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)	protein	Elzinga, 2011	patients only	P-value = 1.7 ¡Á 10(-7)	Overall, BDNF Met carriers had reduced serum BDNF levels whe...... Overall, BDNF Met carriers had reduced serum BDNF levels when exposed to CA in a dose-dependent way. More...
child abuse		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Newport, 2004	patients and normal controls		In the low-dose DST(dexamethasone suppression tests), depre...... In the low-dose DST(dexamethasone suppression tests), depressed women with a history of abuse exhibited greater cortisol suppression than any comparator group and greater corticotropin suppression than healthy volunteers or nondepressed abuse survivors. More...
childhood maltreatment		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Carpenter, 2007	normal people		Compared with CTLs(without childhood maltreatment), MAL(chil...... Compared with CTLs(without childhood maltreatment), MAL(childhood maltreatment) subjects exhibited significantly lower cortisol and ACTH baseline-to-peak deltas. More...
emotional neglect		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Carpenter, 2007	normal people	P-value = 0.02	Emotional neglect (-.34, p = .02) strongly predicted maximal...... Emotional neglect (-.34, p = .02) strongly predicted maximal cortisol release. More...
sexual abuse		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Carpenter, 2007	normal people	P-value = 0.03	sexual abuse (.31, p = .03) strongly predicted maximal corti...... sexual abuse (.31, p = .03) strongly predicted maximal cortisol release More...
childhood trauma		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Heim, 2008	patients and normal controls		Men with childhood trauma histories exhibited increases in A...... Men with childhood trauma histories exhibited increases in ACTH and cortisol responses to dexamethasone/CRF compared with non-abused men. More...
maternal child abuse		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Brand, 2010	patients only		Maternal child abuse was associated with steeper declines in...... Maternal child abuse was associated with steeper declines in cortisol in the mothers and lower baseline cortisol in their infants. More...
childhood abuse		Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(pituitary-adrenal responses)	neurobiological system	Heim, 2000	patients and normal controls		Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased ...... Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress compared with controls. More...
child maltreatment		Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis)	neurobiological system	MacMillan, 2009	normal people		During the reactivity phase, youth in the control group show...... During the reactivity phase, youth in the control group showed an increase in cortisol levels following the TSST (Trier Social Stress Test) and a gradual flattening over time; maltreated youth exhibited an attenuated response. These findings provide further support for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation among maltreated youth. More...
childhood abuse		left hippocampus(left hippocampal volume)	brain morphology and function	Vythilingam, 2002	patients and normal controls		The depressed subjects with childhood abuse had an 18% small...... The depressed subjects with childhood abuse had an 18% smaller mean left hippocampal volume than the nonabused depressed subjects and a 15% smaller mean left hippocampal volume than the healthy subjects. More...
emotional childhood neglect		White matter(left hippocampal white matter)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		In particular left hippocampal white matter was smaller in p...... In particular left hippocampal white matter was smaller in patients, who had emotional childhood neglect, compared to those without neglect. More...
physical abuse		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Grant, 2011	patients and normal controls		We observed a robust positive correlation between physical a...... We observed a robust positive correlation between physical abuse and right amygdala response. More...
childhood physical neglect		Immediate memory(impairment on immediate verbal recall)	cognition and behavior	Grassi-Oliveira, 2008	patients and normal controls		Regression models showed that severity of self-reported CPN(...... Regression models showed that severity of self-reported CPN(childhood physical neglect) and low plasma BDNF predicted impairment on immediate verbal recall More...
childhood emotional neglect		Memory(false memories)	cognition and behavior	Grassi-Oliveira, 2011	patients and normal controls		The results indicated that women with MDD and childhood emot...... The results indicated that women with MDD and childhood emotional neglect (CEN) were actually less prone to produce false memories relative to both women with MDD but no CEN and healthy women without MDD and any form of childhood maltreatment. More...
childhood abuse		Increased agitation(anxiety)	symptoms	Heim, 2000	patients and normal controls		Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased ...... Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress compared with controls. This effect was particularly robust in women with current symptoms of depression and anxiety. More...
childhood abuse		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Heim, 2000	patients and normal controls		Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased ...... Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress compared with controls. This effect was particularly robust in women with current symptoms of depression and anxiety. More...
childhood sexual abuse		Depressed mood(depressive symptoms)	symptoms	Gamble, 2006	patients only		men and women who reported histories of childhood sexual abu...... men and women who reported histories of childhood sexual abuse had more severe depressive symptoms than those without abuse histories More...
childhood sexual abuse		Neuroticism(neuroticism)	symptoms	Gamble, 2006	patients only		neuroticism partially accounted for the association between ...... neuroticism partially accounted for the association between severe childhood sexual abuse and depressive symptom severity. More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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