Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Brain Morphology	The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46. According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 - 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47. These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC. DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas.
Brain Function	DL-PFC serves as the highest cortical area responsible for motor planning, organization, and regulation. It plays an important role in the integration of sensory and mnemonic information and the regulation of intellectual function and action. It is also involved in working memory. However, DL-PFC is not exclusively responsible for the executive functions. All complex mental activity requires the additional cortical and subcortical circuits with which the DL-PFC is connected. Damage to the DL-PFC can result in the dysexecutive syndrome, which leads to problems with affect, social judgement, executive memory, abstract thinking and intentionality.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	32(32/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)	Siegle, 2007	patients and normal controls		Relative to control subjects, depressed subjects displayed d...... Relative to control subjects, depressed subjects displayed decreased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity on the digit-sorting task. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal regions	Alexopoulos, 2009	patients only		Depressed elders (N=27) had lower FA (fractional anisotropy)...... Depressed elders (N=27) had lower FA (fractional anisotropy) than controls (N=27) in several frontolimbic areas, including the dorsolateral prefrontal regions. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Rajkowska, 1999	patients and normal controls		In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of depressed subjects ...... In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of depressed subjects marked reductions in the density and size of neurons and glial cells were found in both supra- and infragranular layers. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Thomas, 2002	patients and normal controls		We found significant increases in CAMs in the grey matter of...... We found significant increases in CAMs in the grey matter of the DLPFC in the depression group but no comparable differences in the ACC or occipital cortex. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Davis, 2002	patients and normal controls		Immunoreactivity for GFAP was low in grey matter (for exampl...... Immunoreactivity for GFAP was low in grey matter (for example, Mean (SEM) 0.76 (0.2)% in DLPFC layer V in depressed subjects), but higher in white matter (for example, 12.02 (2.2)% in DLPFC deep white matter in depressed subjects). More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortices	Nofzinger, 2004	patients and normal controls		depressed patients showed greater activation in bilateral do...... depressed patients showed greater activation in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Si, 2004	patients and normal controls		Levels of GFAP in this area were significantly lower in subj...... Levels of GFAP in this area were significantly lower in subjects with MDD as compared to controls and this decrease was most prominent in subjects less than 60 years old at the time of death. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)	Hooley, 2005	patients and normal controls		Relative to control subjects, participants with a history of...... Relative to control subjects, participants with a history of depression failed to activate DLPFC when they heard critical remarks. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)	Rajkowska, 2007	patients and normal controls		The density of CB-IR neurons was significantly reduced by 50...... The density of CB-IR neurons was significantly reduced by 50% in depression in the dlPFC. The size of CB-IR somata was significantly decreased (18%) in depression in the dlPFC. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Bielau, 2007	patients and normal controls		Post hoc tests demonstrated higher neuronal densities in uni...... Post hoc tests demonstrated higher neuronal densities in unipolar patients compared with bipolar patients and controls in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)	Bar, 2007	patients and normal controls		Patients displayed hyperactivation in comparison with contro...... Patients displayed hyperactivation in comparison with control subjects for the painful 45 degrees C condition in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as well as a stronger parametric BOLD signal increase in the DLPFC. More...
bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Fales, 2008	patients and normal controls		The depressed participants failed to show evidence of error-...... The depressed participants failed to show evidence of error-related cognitive adjustments (increased activity in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on posterror trials), but the control group did show them. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Kang, 2007	patients and normal controls		These analyses yielded a rich profile of dysregulated genes....... These analyses yielded a rich profile of dysregulated genes. Two of the most highly dysregulated genes of interest were stresscopin, a neuropeptide involved in stress responses, and Forkhead box D3 (FOXD3), a transcription factor. Secondary cell-based analysis demonstrated that stresscopin and FoxD3 are increased in neurons of DLPFC gray matter of MDD subjects. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Vasic, 2008	patients and normal controls		Patients with depression showed reduced gray matter concentr...... Patients with depression showed reduced gray matter concentration (GMC) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 46). More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Lee, 2008	patients and normal controls		When shown pictures of sad faces, patients with MDD relative...... When shown pictures of sad faces, patients with MDD relative controls showed decreased activations bilaterally in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)	Vasic, 2009	patients and normal controls		Within this cortical network, MDD patients additionally reve...... Within this cortical network, MDD patients additionally revealed a pattern of increased functional connectivity in the left DLPFC and the cerebellum compared to healthy controls. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)	Hooley, 2009	patients and normal controls		Formerly depressed participants responded to criticism with ...... Formerly depressed participants responded to criticism with less activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) than did controls. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Lemogne, 2009	patients and normal controls		Both patients and healthy subjects activated the MFG in 'sel...... Both patients and healthy subjects activated the MFG in 'self' vs 'general' condition. However, the activation of the dorsal part of the MFG (medial frontal gyrus) and of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in 'self' vs 'general' condition was unique to patients. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)	Norbury, 2010	patients and normal controls		Compared with controls, recovered depressed patients had inc...... Compared with controls, recovered depressed patients had increased responses bilaterally to fearful faces in the DLPFC More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		In contrast, functional connectivity between the OFC and the...... In contrast, functional connectivity between the OFC and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), right inferior frontal operculum, and left motor areas was increased in patients compared with healthy control subjects. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Matthews, 2011	patients and normal controls		MDD relative to non-MDD individuals showed lower activity du...... MDD relative to non-MDD individuals showed lower activity during fear matching trials in emotional control structures such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)	Ritchey, 2011	patients and normal controls		Prior to treatment and relative to controls, patients exhibi...... Prior to treatment and relative to controls, patients exhibited enhanced responses to negative versus positive stimuli in the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) and right dorsolateral PFC. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-related symptom improvement in MDD patients was predicted by increased activity at baseline in ventromedial PFC as well as the valence effects in the ATL and dorsolateral PFC. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)	Amico, 2011	patients and high-risk people and normal controls		Patients with MDD exhibited smaller volumes in the DLPFC com...... Patients with MDD exhibited smaller volumes in the DLPFC compared with healthy controls. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Cooney, 2010	patients and normal controls		Depressed participants exhibited increased activation in the...... Depressed participants exhibited increased activation in the orbitofrontal cortex, subgenual anterior cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as compared with healthy controls during rumination versus concrete distraction. Neural activity during rumination versus abstract distraction was greater for depressed than for control participants in the amygdala, rostral anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and parahippocampus. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Korgaonkar, 2010	patients and normal controls	average reduction of 7.8%	Compared with controls, melancholic participants showed an a...... Compared with controls, melancholic participants showed an average reduction of 7.8% in fractional anisotropy over WM regions associated with the limbic system, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, thalamic projection fibers, corpus callosum, and other association fibers. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Sibille, 2011	patients and normal controls		MDD subjects demonstrated reduced SST mRNA expression in th...... MDD subjects demonstrated reduced SST mRNA expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	van Tol, 2011	patients and normal controls		Moderately/severely depressed patients with MDD showed incre...... Moderately/severely depressed patients with MDD showed increased left dorsolateral prefrontal activity as a function of task load, together with subtle slowing during task execution. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Kerestes, 2012	patients and normal controls		rMDD patients exhibited significantly greater activity relat...... rMDD patients exhibited significantly greater activity relative to HC in the left DLPFC [Brodmann area (BA) 9/46] in response to negative emotional distracters during high working memory load. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Oh DH, 2011	patients and normal controls	P-value = 0.021	We found that the density of CR-IR GABAergic neurons was sig...... We found that the density of CR-IR GABAergic neurons was significantly lower in layer I of the dlPFC of MDD patients (n=15) than in that of unaffected controls (n=15) (p=0.021). More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex		SLC6A4(5-HTTLPR)	gene	Frodl, 2008	patients and normal controls		We found that healthy controls have a strong association bet...... We found that healthy controls have a strong association between the 5-HTTLPR and GM volumes of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left anterior gyrus cinguli, left amygdala as well as right hippocampus, whereas there is no such association in patients with major depression. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex		SLC6A4(serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR))	gene	Frodl, 2008	patients and normal controls		We found that healthy controls have a strong association bet...... We found that healthy controls have a strong association between the 5-HTTLPR and GM (gray matter) volumes of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas there is no such association in patients with major depression. Healthy subjects carrying the S- or L(G)-allele have smaller GM volumes than those with the L(A)-allele More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)		Cerebellum(cerebellum)	brain morphology and function	Vasic, 2009	patients and normal controls		Within this cortical network, MDD patients additionally reve...... Within this cortical network, MDD patients additionally revealed a pattern of increased functional connectivity in the left DLPFC and the cerebellum compared to healthy controls. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex		Orbitofrontal cortex(orbitofrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		In contrast, functional connectivity between the OFC and the...... In contrast, functional connectivity between the OFC and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), right inferior frontal operculum, and left motor areas was increased in patients compared with healthy control subjects. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex		Cognitive performance(cognitive disturbance)	cognition and behavior	Brody, 2001	patients only		Cognitive disturbance [COGN] improvement was associated with...... Cognitive disturbance [COGN] improvement was associated with increasing dorsolateral prefrontal cortex metabolism. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex		Executive functions(execution)	cognition and behavior	van Tol, 2011	patients and normal controls		Moderately/severely depressed patients with MDD showed incre...... Moderately/severely depressed patients with MDD showed increased left dorsolateral prefrontal activity as a function of task load, together with subtle slowing during task execution. More...
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Wu, 2008	patients only		Negative correlations (defined as reduced HDRS scores associ...... Negative correlations (defined as reduced HDRS scores associated with areas of increased relative cerebral glucose metabolism after TSD) were found in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)		Attribution and attitude(maternal praise)	cognition and behavior	Hooley, 2005	patients and normal controls		There were no differences between the two groups in their DL...... There were no differences between the two groups in their DLPFC responses to maternal praise. More...