Cognition and Behavior Report

Name	Working memory
Description	Working memory has been defined as the system which actively holds information in the mind to do verbal and nonverbal tasks such as reasoning and comprehension, and to make it available for further information processing. Working memory tasks are those that require the goal-oriented active monitoring or manipulation of information or behaviors in the face of interfering processes and distractions.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	16 (16/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
impaired working memory	Pelosi, 2000	patients and normal controls		This study provides objective evidence that major depression...... This study provides objective evidence that major depression significantly affects working memory. The ERP changes in depression could be accounted for by dysfunction of the central executive control of working memory. Patients made more mistakes than controls as the memory load was increased from one to 5 digits and had significantly slower reaction times at all levels of memory load. More...
working memory	Landro, 2001	patients and normal controls		Bonferroni corrected univariate analyses of variance showed ...... Bonferroni corrected univariate analyses of variance showed that patients performed significantly below controls in the following areas: selective attention, working memory, verbal long-term memory, and verbal fluency. More...
working memory deficit	Landro, 2001	patients and normal controls		Two functions were areas of differential deficits in the dep...... Two functions were areas of differential deficits in the depressed group: selective attention and working memory. Impaired verbal long-term memory seemed to reflect an underlying working memory deficit. More...
spatial working memory	Weiland-Fiedler, 2004	patients and normal controls		Patients with remitted MDD relative to controls were impaire...... Patients with remitted MDD relative to controls were impaired on tasks of rapid visual information processing (RVIP), psychomotor performance and spatial working memory (SWM). More...
working memory	O'Brien, 2004	patients and normal controls		Depressed subjects showed multiple impairments in attention,...... Depressed subjects showed multiple impairments in attention, working memory, visual memory, verbal memory, new learning, and executive function in relation to comparison subjects. More...
working memory	Rapoport, 2005	patients only		Subjects with major depression, compared to those without, w...... Subjects with major depression, compared to those without, were found to have significantly lower scores on measures of working memory, More...
impairment of working memory	Rose, 2006	patients and normal controls		These observations support a relatively specific impairment ...... These observations support a relatively specific impairment of working memory/central executive function in MDD, which may potentially mediate the diverse pattern of cognitive dysfunction noted in MDD. More...
working memory	Matsuo, 2007	patients and normal controls		This study provides in vivo imaging evidence of abnormal fro...... This study provides in vivo imaging evidence of abnormal frontolimbic circuit function during working memory processing in individuals with MDD. More...
working-memory	Schoning, 2009	patients and normal controls		Working-memory challenge in the euthymic state of MDD reveal...... Working-memory challenge in the euthymic state of MDD revealed a dissociation of lateral prefrontal and cingulate brain function. More...
working memory	Hinkelmann, 2009	patients and normal controls		Compared with healthy subjects, patients had significantly h...... Compared with healthy subjects, patients had significantly higher cortisol levels and were impaired in verbal memory, visuospatial memory, working memory, and selective attention. More...
working memory	Kaymak, 2010	patients and normal controls		Patients were found to have significantly lower scores on me...... Patients were found to have significantly lower scores on measures of attention, working memory, psychomotor speed, executive functions, and visual and verbal memory fields. More...
working memory	Braw, 2011	patients and normal controls		The depressed patients had deficits in working memory compar...... The depressed patients had deficits in working memory compared to the healthy controls. More...
impaired working memory	Pu, 2011	patients and normal controls		MDD patients showed a smaller increase in lateral prefrontal...... MDD patients showed a smaller increase in lateral prefrontal and superior temporal cortex activation during the 2-back task and associated poorer task performance than healthy controls. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
working memory		SLC6A4(serotonin transporter gene)	gene	Sarosi, 2008	patients and normal controls		Average performance of the depressed group without the 12-re...... Average performance of the depressed group without the 12-repeat allele was significantly weaker in the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test working memory and recall tasks compared to patients having at least one copy of the 12-repeat allele. More...
working memory		Hydrocortisone(cortisol)	molecule	Gomez, 2006	patients and normal controls		Cortisol slopes from 1800 to 0100 hours were also significan...... Cortisol slopes from 1800 to 0100 hours were also significantly correlated with working memory. More...
working memory (WM)		medial orbitofrontal cortex(medial orbitofrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Rose, 2006	patients and normal controls		Therefore, this study implies that the performance of WM tas...... Therefore, this study implies that the performance of WM tasks is associated with a dysfunctional activation of the medial orbitofrontal in MDD. More...
working memory (WM)		rostral anterior cingulate(rostral anterior cingulate)	brain morphology and function	Rose, 2006	patients and normal controls		Therefore, this study implies that the performance of WM tas...... Therefore, this study implies that the performance of WM tasks is associated with a dysfunctional activation of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in MDD. More...
working-memory		Cingulate cortex(cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	Schoning, 2009	patients and normal controls		Working-memory challenge in the euthymic state of MDD reveal...... Working-memory challenge in the euthymic state of MDD revealed a dissociation of lateral prefrontal and cingulate brain function. More...
working-memory		lateral prefrontal cortices(lateral prefrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Schoning, 2009	patients and normal controls		Working-memory challenge in the euthymic state of MDD reveal...... Working-memory challenge in the euthymic state of MDD revealed a dissociation of lateral prefrontal and cingulate brain function. More...
working memory		pregenual anterior cingulate cortex(pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC))	brain morphology and function	Salvadore, 2010	patients only	r=0.82, P-value = 0.0002, false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05	Patients who showed the least engagement of the pgACC in res...... Patients who showed the least engagement of the pgACC in response to increased working memory load showed the greatest symptomatic improvement within 4 h of ketamine administration (r=0.82, p=0.0002, false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05). More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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