Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	Posterior cingulate cortex
Brain Morphology	The posterior cingulate cortex is the backmost part of the cingulate cortex, lying behind the anterior cingulate cortex. This is the upper part of the "limbic lobe". The cingulate cortex is made up of an area around the midline of the brain.Surrounding areas include the retrosplenial cortex and the precuneus. Cytoarchitectonically the posterior cingulate cortex is associated with Brodmann areas 23 and 31.
Brain Function	The posterior cingulate forms a central node in the "default mode" network of the brain. Along with the precuneus, it has been implicated as a neural substrate for human awareness in numerous studies of both the anesthesized and vegetative (coma) state. Imaging studies indicate a prominent role for the posterior cingulate cortex in pain and episodic memory retrieval. The posterior cingulate may also be involved in the capacity to understand what other people believe.
Picture	From Wiki.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	17(17/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
posterior cingulate	Alexopoulos, 2009	patients only		Depressed elders (N=27) had lower FA (fractional anisotropy)...... Depressed elders (N=27) had lower FA (fractional anisotropy) than controls (N=27) in several frontolimbic areas, including the posterior cingulate, More...
posterior cingulate	Pizzagalli, 2002	patients and normal controls		Depressed subjects showed posterior cingulate hypoactivity. Depressed subjects showed posterior cingulate hypoactivity.
posterior cingulate cortex	Drevets, 2002	patients only		At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism was increased in th...... At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism was increased in the posterior cingulate cortex in the unmedicated depressives relative to controls. More...
posterior cingulate cortices	Neumeister, 2004	patients and normal controls		Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was ...... Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was associated with an increase in regional cerebral glucose utilization in the posterior cingulate cortices in patients with remitted MDD but not in controls. More...
posterior cingulate	Dunn, 2005	patients and normal controls		Unipolars had significantly fewer positive regional correlat...... Unipolars had significantly fewer positive regional correlation coefficients than healthy controls and bipolars. These were significantly different from controls in orbital cortex, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and posterior temporal cortex More...
posterior cingulate volumes	Caetano, 2006	patients and normal controls		The unipolar patients had significantly smaller anterior and...... The unipolar patients had significantly smaller anterior and posterior cingulate volumes bilaterally compared with healthy control subjects. More...
posterior cingulate cortex	Grimm, 2009	patients and normal controls		MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blo...... MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blood oxygenation level-dependent responses) in several regions of the default-mode network such as the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex. More...
bilateral mid-posterior cingulate	Zhang, 2009	patients and normal controls		Compared with healthy participants, patients with major depr...... Compared with healthy participants, patients with major depressive disorder showed significantly decreased local gyrification index in the bilateral mid-posterior cingulate, More...
posterior cingulate cortex	van Wingen, 2010	patients and normal controls		The amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex were involved in...... The amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex were involved in memory retrieval of happy faces in depressed patients only. More...
posterior cingulate cortex	Bluhm, 2009	patients and normal controls		Direct comparison showed significantly reduced correlation b...... Direct comparison showed significantly reduced correlation between the P/PCC(precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex) and the bilateral caudate in depression compared with controls and no areas of increased connectivity in the depressed group. More...
posterior cingulate	Cooney, 2010	patients and normal controls		Neural activity during rumination versus abstract distractio...... Neural activity during rumination versus abstract distraction was greater for depressed than for control participants in the amygdala, rostral anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and parahippocampus. More...
posterior cingulate	Monkul, 2012	patients and normal controls		Depressed patients showed increased blood flow in left and r...... Depressed patients showed increased blood flow in left and right posterior cingulate (Brodmann areas 23, 29, 30) compared with healthy volunteers. More...
posterior cingulate cortex	Jarnum, 2011	patients and normal controls		Major findings were a significantly thinner posterior cingul...... Major findings were a significantly thinner posterior cingulate cortex in non-remitters than in remitters More...
posterior cingulate	Kumar, 2011	patients and normal controls		When compared with controls, [(18)F]FDDNP binding was signif...... When compared with controls, [(18)F]FDDNP binding was significantly higher overall and in the posterior cingulate in the MDD group. More...
posterior cingulate cortex	Zhu, 2012	patients and normal controls		We observed decreased functional connectivity in the posteri...... We observed decreased functional connectivity in the posterior medial cortex regions (especially the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus) in MDD patients compared with control subjects. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
posterior cingulate cortex		Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A(monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A))	protein	Meyer, 2006	patients and normal controls		The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly sign...... The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly significantly elevated in posterior cingulate cortex. More...
posterior cingulate cortices		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	Neumeister, 2004	patients and normal controls		Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was ...... Compared with sham depletion, TD (tryptophan depletion) was associated with an increase in regional cerebral glucose utilization in the posterior cingulate cortices in patients with remitted MDD but not in controls. More...
posterior cingulate cortex		Functional connectivity(functional connectivity (FC) involved in emotional regulation)	brain morphology and function	Zhou, 2010	patients and normal controls		In the TNN (task-negative networks), the increased FCs were ...... In the TNN (task-negative networks), the increased FCs were primarily located in the posterior cingulate cortex and the medial orbitofrontal cortex, which are involved in episodic memory, self-reflection and emotional regulation. More...
posterior cingulate cortex		Functional connectivity(functional connectivity (FC) involved in episodic memory)	brain morphology and function	Zhou, 2010	patients and normal controls		In the TNN (task-negative networks), the increased FCs were ...... In the TNN (task-negative networks), the increased FCs were primarily located in the posterior cingulate cortex and the medial orbitofrontal cortex, which are involved in episodic memory, self-reflection and emotional regulation. More...
posterior cingulate cortex		Functional connectivity(functional connectivity (FC) involved in self-reflection)	brain morphology and function	Zhou, 2010	patients and normal controls		In the TNN (task-negative networks), the increased FCs were ...... In the TNN (task-negative networks), the increased FCs were primarily located in the posterior cingulate cortex and the medial orbitofrontal cortex, which are involved in episodic memory, self-reflection and emotional regulation. More...
posterior cingulate cortex		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Grimm, 2009	patients and normal controls		MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blo...... MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blood oxygenation level-dependent responses) in several regions of the default-mode network such as the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex. Decreased NBRs in MDD patients correlated with depression severity and feelings of hopelessness. More...
posterior cingulate cortex		Feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and guilt(hopelessness)	symptoms	Grimm, 2009	patients and normal controls		MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blo...... MDD patients showed significantly reduced NBRs (negative blood oxygenation level-dependent responses) in several regions of the default-mode network such as the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex. Decreased NBRs in MDD patients correlated with depression severity and feelings of hopelessness. More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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