Cognition and Behavior Report

Name	Attribution and attitude
Description	Attribution is a concept in social psychology referring to how individuals explain causes of behavior and events. An attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual's degree of like or dislike for something. Attitudes are generally positive or negative views of a person, place, thing, or event- this is often referred to as the attitude object. People can also be conflicted or ambivalent toward an object, meaning that they simultaneously possess both positive and negative attitudes toward the item in question.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	6 (5/1)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
increased self-focus	Grimm, 2009	patients and normal controls		In conclusion, we present first evidence that the abnormally...... In conclusion, we present first evidence that the abnormally increased negative self-attribution as hallmark of the increased self-focus in MDD might be mediated by altered neural activity in subcortical-cortical midline structures. More...
judgment of self-relatedness of negative emotional stimuli (increased negative self-attribution)	Grimm, 2009	patients and normal controls		Behaviourally, patients with MDD showed significantly higher...... Behaviourally, patients with MDD showed significantly higher degrees of self-relatedness of specifically negative emotional stimuli when compared with healthy subjects. More...
interoception	Wiebking, 2010	patients and normal controls		MDD patients showed significantly higher scores in the BPQ(B...... MDD patients showed significantly higher scores in the BPQ(Body Perception Questionnaire) and reduced neural activity during rest periods, particularly in the bilateral anterior insula. Both BPQ scores and left anterior insula signal changes correlated with depression severity. More...
higher ratings of self-relatedness	Grimm, 2011	patients and normal controls		Behaviourally, MDD subjects showed significantly higher rati...... Behaviourally, MDD subjects showed significantly higher ratings of self-relatedness that also correlated with depression symptoms such as hopelessness. More...
biased causal attribution	Seidel, 2012	patients and normal controls		Behaviourally, controls showed a self-serving bias, whereas ...... Behaviourally, controls showed a self-serving bias, whereas patients demonstrated a balanced attributional pattern. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
negativistic dysfunctional attitudes		Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(serotonin transporter (5-HTT))	protein	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.01	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). More...
negativistic dysfunctional attitudes		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate)	brain morphology and function	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). The magnitude of regional 5-HTT BP can provide a vulnerability to low levels of extracellular serotonin and symptoms of extremely negativistic dysfunctional attitudes. More...
negativistic dysfunctional attitudes		Caudate nucleus(caudate)	brain morphology and function	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). The magnitude of regional 5-HTT BP can provide a vulnerability to low levels of extracellular serotonin and symptoms of extremely negativistic dysfunctional attitudes. More...
negativistic dysfunctional attitudes		Prefrontal cortex(prefrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). The magnitude of regional 5-HTT BP can provide a vulnerability to low levels of extracellular serotonin and symptoms of extremely negativistic dysfunctional attitudes. More...
negativistic dysfunctional attitudes		Putamen(putamen)	brain morphology and function	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). The magnitude of regional 5-HTT BP can provide a vulnerability to low levels of extracellular serotonin and symptoms of extremely negativistic dysfunctional attitudes. More...
negativistic dysfunctional attitudes		Thalamus(thalamus)	brain morphology and function	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). The magnitude of regional 5-HTT BP can provide a vulnerability to low levels of extracellular serotonin and symptoms of extremely negativistic dysfunctional attitudes. More...
judgment of self-relatedness of negative emotional stimuli (increased negative self-attribution)		dorsomedial thalamus(dorsomedial thalamus (DMT))	brain morphology and function	Grimm, 2009	patients and normal controls		Signal changes in the VS and the DMT were related to judgmen...... Signal changes in the VS and the DMT were related to judgment of self-relatedness of negative emotional stimuli. More...
judgment of self-relatedness of negative emotional stimuli (increased negative self-attribution)		Ventral striatum(ventral striatum (VS))	brain morphology and function	Grimm, 2009	patients and normal controls		Signal changes in the VS and the DMT were related to judgmen...... Signal changes in the VS and the DMT were related to judgment of self-relatedness of negative emotional stimuli. More...
biased causal attribution		dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC)(dorsomedial PFC)	brain morphology and function	Seidel, 2012	patients and normal controls		Applying a psycho-physiological interaction analysis, we obs...... Applying a psycho-physiological interaction analysis, we observed reduced coupling between a dorsomedial PFC seed region and limbic areas during self-serving attributions in patients compared to controls. More...
biased causal attribution		Limbic lobe(limbic areas)	brain morphology and function	Seidel, 2012	patients and normal controls		Applying a psycho-physiological interaction analysis, we obs...... Applying a psycho-physiological interaction analysis, we observed reduced coupling between a dorsomedial PFC seed region and limbic areas during self-serving attributions in patients compared to controls. More...
increased self-focus		Attribution and attitude(increased negative self-attribution)	cognition and behavior	Grimm, 2009	patients and normal controls		In conclusion, we present first evidence that the abnormally...... In conclusion, we present first evidence that the abnormally increased negative self-attribution as hallmark of the increased self-focus in MDD might be mediated by altered neural activity in subcortical-cortical midline structures. More...
higher ratings of self-relatedness		Feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and guilt(hopelessness)	symptoms	Grimm, 2011	patients and normal controls		Behaviourally, MDD subjects showed significantly higher rati...... Behaviourally, MDD subjects showed significantly higher ratings of self-relatedness that also correlated with depression symptoms such as hopelessness. More...

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Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.

Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
maternal praise		Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC))	brain morphology and function	Hooley, 2005	patients and normal controls		There were no differences between the two groups in their DL...... There were no differences between the two groups in their DLPFC responses to maternal praise. More...