Cognition and Behavior Report

Name	Cognitive control
Description	The cognitive control system is a theorized cognitive system in psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	17 (16/1)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
stroop interference effects	Holmes, 2008	patients and normal controls		Compared to healthy controls, MDD subjects showed larger Str...... Compared to healthy controls, MDD subjects showed larger Stroop interference effects. More...
deficient inhibition of negative stimuli	Dai, 2009	patients and normal controls		It was found that when the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) w...... It was found that when the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was 14 ms, the NC (control participants) and RMD(currently remitted patients) participants had the inhibition of return (IOR) effects for all faces and MDD participants for angry and sad faces. When the SOA was 250 ms, all three groups all had cue validity for sad faces but the effect was much more marked for the MDD group. When the SOA was 750 ms, the NC participants had an IOR effect for sad faces, the RMD participants had cue validity for angry, happy and sad faces, and the MDD participants had cue validity for sad faces and an IOR effect for angry faces. More...
impaired response monitoring processes	Ruchsow, 2006	patients and normal controls		Patients with major depressive disorder again showed a less ...... Patients with major depressive disorder again showed a less negative ERN/Ne amplitude in error trials following error trials. This result might reflect impaired response monitoring processes in major depressive disorder. More...
failure to inhibit negative information	Goeleven, 2006	patients and normal controls		Compared to never-depressed controls, depressed patients sho...... Compared to never-depressed controls, depressed patients showed a specific failure to inhibit negative information, whereas inhibition function for positive material was unaffected. More...
impaired inhibition of negative affect	Goeleven, 2006	patients and normal controls		Strongly impaired inhibition of negative affect was found in...... Strongly impaired inhibition of negative affect was found in depressed patients. More...
impaired cognitive inhibition	Lau, 2007	patients and normal controls		Participants with MDD demonstrated performance impairments o...... Participants with MDD demonstrated performance impairments on the PDT (Prose Distraction Task, a measure of cognitive inhibition), which were most pronounced for negatively valenced adjectives, relative to both control groups. More...
inhibition	Langenecker, 2007	patients and normal controls		There was a significant interaction among response time (con...... There was a significant interaction among response time (control subjects better), hits (control subjects better), and rejections (patients better). The MDD participants had greater activation compared with the control group in frontal and anterior temporal areas during correct rejections (inhibition). More...
impaired control processes	Ruchsow, 2008	patients and normal controls		MDD patients showed a specifically reduced Nogo-P3 while the...... MDD patients showed a specifically reduced Nogo-P3 while the Nogo-N2 and the P3b in Go trials were unaffected. These results provide further evidence of impaired response monitoring and control processes in patients with MDD. More...
impaired response monitoring	Ruchsow, 2008	patients and normal controls		MDD patients showed a specifically reduced Nogo-P3 while the...... MDD patients showed a specifically reduced Nogo-P3 while the Nogo-N2 and the P3b in Go trials were unaffected. These results provide further evidence of impaired response monitoring and control processes in patients with MDD. More...
hypersensitivity to negative feedback	Taylor Tavares, 2008	patients and normal controls		Hypersensitivity to negative feedback is present in unmedica...... Hypersensitivity to negative feedback is present in unmedicated depressed patients with MDD. More...
inhibitory control processes	Matthews, 2009	patients and normal controls		Among MDD individuals, inhibition-related subgenual activati...... Among MDD individuals, inhibition-related subgenual activation correlated with depressive symptom severity, implicating subgenual ACC in inhibitory control processes related to clinical depression. More...
less inhibition of sad faces	Dai, 2011	patients and normal controls		The main finding was that compared with the NC group, MDD pa...... The main finding was that compared with the NC group, MDD participants had enhanced positive priming and less inhibition of sad faces. More...
inhibit negative information	Berman, 2011	patients and normal controls		MDD participants had more difficulty than did HCs (healthy c...... MDD participants had more difficulty than did HCs (healthy controls) in expelling negative, but not positive, words from STM (short-term memory). More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
inhibition		N200(N2)	neurobiological system	Kaiser, 2003	patients and normal controls		in the Nogo task depressive patients showed a reduction of a...... in the Nogo task depressive patients showed a reduction of an early fronto-temporal positivity in the N2 time window, which was associated with response inhibition in healthy subjects. More...
impaired response monitoring processes		Error-related negativity (ERN)(error-related negativity (ERN)/error negativity (Ne))	neurobiological system	Ruchsow, 2006	patients and normal controls		Patients with major depressive disorder again showed a less ...... Patients with major depressive disorder again showed a less negative ERN/Ne amplitude in error trials following error trials. This result might reflect impaired response monitoring processes in major depressive disorder. More...
enhancing the cognitive interference		Cingulate cortex(cingulate cortex)	brain morphology and function	Wagner, 2006	patients and normal controls		The greater prefrontal activation may reflect a cortical ine...... The greater prefrontal activation may reflect a cortical inefficiency due to hyperactivity in rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (rACG) enhancing the cognitive interferences from the emotional state. More...
cognitive control of emotion		supragenual cingulate(supragenual cingulate)	brain morphology and function	Matthews, 2008	patients and normal controls		Although both groups activated the extended amygdala (EA) du...... Although both groups activated the extended amygdala (EA) during emotion processing, the MDD relative to the HC group showed less co-activation of the supragenual cingulate, which is involved in the cognitive control of emotion. More...
inhibitory control processes		supragenual anterior cingulate cortex(supragenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC))	brain morphology and function	Matthews, 2009	patients and normal controls		Additionally, a group by trial difficulty interaction on inh...... Additionally, a group by trial difficulty interaction on inhibition-related activation in subgenual ACC was observed. More...
inhibition		rostral anterior cingulate(rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC))	brain morphology and function	Eugene, 2010	patients and normal controls		in depressed participants, increased activation in the rostr...... in depressed participants, increased activation in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) is associated with inhibition of negative, but not positive, words. More...
strategy initiation		right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex(right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex)	brain morphology and function	Ottowitz, 2010	patients and normal controls		Further analysis showed that patients with major depressive ...... Further analysis showed that patients with major depressive disorder had greater activation of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during strategy initiation More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
cognitive control	Harvey, 2005	patients and normal controls		We did not find any difference between groups in both perfor...... We did not find any difference between groups in both performance and reaction times for each level of complexity of the n-back task. More...