Brain Morphology and Function Report

Basic Information

Name	Insular cortex
Brain Morphology	In each hemisphere of the mammalian brain the insular cortex is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe. The cortical area overlying it towards the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum (meaning "lid"). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. It is believed to be involved in consciousness.The insular cortex is divided into two parts: the larger anterior insula and the smaller posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified.
Brain Function	The insulae play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions include perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience. In relation to these it is involved in psychopathology.
Picture	From Wiki.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	8(8/0)

Positive relationships between Insular cortex and MDD (count: 6)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Relation Description
left anterior insular cortex	Horn, 2010	patients and normal controls	Functional connectivity between pgACC and left anterior insu...... Functional connectivity between pgACC and left anterior insular cortex was significantly altered in the subgroup of severely depressed patients compared to healthy subjects and mildly depressed patients. More...
anterior insular cortex	Biver, 1997	patients and normal controls	In depressed patients, [18F]altanserin uptake was significan...... In depressed patients, [18F]altanserin uptake was significantly reduced in a region of the right hemisphere including the posterolateral orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior insular cortex. More...
insular cortex	Cullen, 2009	patients and normal controls	Seed-based connectivity analysis revealed that adolescents w...... Seed-based connectivity analysis revealed that adolescents with MDD have decreased functional connectivity in a subgenual ACC-based neural network that includes the supragenual ACC (BA 32), the right medial frontal cortex (BA 10), the left inferior (BA 47) and superior frontal cortex (BA 22), superior temporal gyrus (BA 22), and the insular cortex (BA 13). More...
left anterior insular cortex	Takahashi, 2010	patients and normal controls	Both current and remitted MDD patients showed significant vo...... Both current and remitted MDD patients showed significant volume reduction of the left anterior insular cortex as compared with healthy controls. More...
insular gyri	Lee, 2011	patients and normal controls	Decreased gray matter concentration was found in MDD patient...... Decreased gray matter concentration was found in MDD patients in the bilateral amygdalae, hippocampi, fusiform gyri, lingual gyri, insular gyri, middle-superior temporal gyri, thalami, cingulate gyri, the central lobule of the cerebellum, and the midbrain encompassing the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) More...
left insular cortex	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls	During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was cha...... During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively decreased activation in bilateral orbital frontal cortex, right frontal pole, left insular cortex, and left thalamus. More...

Positive relationships between Insular cortex and other components at different levels (count: 6)

Genetic/epigenetic locus					Protein and other molecule			Cell and molecular pathway			Neural system			Cognition and behavior		Symptoms and signs			Environment

Name in Literature	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Relation Description
Name in Literature	Related Components
anterior insular cortex		5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A(5-HT2 receptor (serotonin-2 receptor))	protein	Biver, 1997	patients and normal controls	In depressed patients, [18F]altanserin uptake was significan...... In depressed patients, [18F]altanserin uptake was significantly reduced in a region of the right hemisphere including the posterolateral orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior insular cortex. More...
anterior insular cortex		Mu-type opioid receptor(mu-opioid receptor)	protein	Kennedy, 2006	patients and normal controls	Larger reductions in mu-opioid system BP during sadness were...... Larger reductions in mu-opioid system BP during sadness were obtained in patients with MDD in the anterior insular cortex, anterior and posterior thalamus, ventral basal ganglia, amygdala, and periamygdalar cortex. More...
insular cortex		subgenual anterior cingulate(subgenual ACC-based neural network)	brain morphology and function	Cullen, 2009	patients and normal controls	Seed-based connectivity analysis revealed that adolescents w...... Seed-based connectivity analysis revealed that adolescents with MDD have decreased functional connectivity in a subgenual ACC-based neural network that includes the supragenual ACC (BA 32), the right medial frontal cortex (BA 10), the left inferior (BA 47) and superior frontal cortex (BA 22), superior temporal gyrus (BA 22), and the insular cortex (BA 13). More...
left anterior insular cortex		pregenual anterior cingulate cortex(pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC))	brain morphology and function	Horn, 2010	patients and normal controls	Functional connectivity between pgACC and left anterior insu...... Functional connectivity between pgACC and left anterior insular cortex was significantly altered in the subgroup of severely depressed patients compared to healthy subjects and mildly depressed patients. More...
insular cortex		Emotion(disgust recognition)	cognition and behavior	Sprengelmeyer, 2011	patients only	The magnitude of the disgust recognition deficit correlated ...... The magnitude of the disgust recognition deficit correlated with reduced insula grey matter volume. More...
left insular cortex		Reward processing(reward outcome)	cognition and behavior	Dichter, 2012	patients and normal controls	During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was cha...... During the outcome phase of the task, the rMDD group was characterized by relatively decreased activation in bilateral orbital frontal cortex, right frontal pole, left insular cortex, and left thalamus. More...

Positive relationship network of Insular cortex in MK4MDD

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Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.

Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

2. User can drag the nodes to rearrange the layout of the network. Click the node will enter the report page of the node. Right-click will show also the menus to link to the report page of the node and remove the node and related edges. Hover the node will show the level of the node and hover the edge will show the evidence/description of the edge.
3. The network is generated using Cytoscape Web

Negative relationships between Insular cortex and MDD (count: 0)

Negative relationships between Insular cortex and other components at different levels (count: 0)