Down regulation, fold change([MD] vs [C]) 2.0648901
Down regulation, fold change([MD] vs [C]) 2.0648901
Positive relationships between TPR and other components at different levels (count: 0)
Positive relationship network of TPR in MK4MDD
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Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.
Genetic/Epigenetic Locus
Protein and Other Molecule
Cell and Molecular Pathway
Neural System
Cognition and Behavior
Symptoms and Signs
Environment
MDD
2. Besides the component related relationships from literature, gene mapped protein and protein mapped gene are also shown in the network.
If the mapped gene or protein is not from literature, square node would be used instead of Circle node.
Accordingly, the relationship is marked with dot line.
2. User can drag the nodes to rearrange the layout of the network. Click the node will enter the report page of the node.
Right-click will show also the menus to link to the report page of the node and remove the node and related edges.
Hover the node will show the level of the node and hover the edge will show the evidence/description of the edge.
3. The network is generated using Cytoscape Web
Negative relationships between TPR and MDD (count: 0)
Negative relationships between TPR and other components at different levels (count: 0)
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most frequent neoplas......
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most frequent neoplasia originating from the thyroid epithelium, accounts for about 80% of all thyroid cancers. Chimeric oncogenes, created by chromosomal rearrangements involving prevalently RET and, to a less extent, NTRK1 loci, are implicated in the development of papillary carcinoma.These are inappropriately expressed and stimulate constitutive signaling, bypassing the need for receptor activation by growth factors. Alternatively, mutant RAS directly stimulates BRAF, whereas mutant BRAF directly stimulates MEK. Of all thyroid cancers, 15-20% are follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). The most distinctive molecular features of follicular carcinoma are the prominence of aneuploidy and the high prevalence of RAS mutations and PAX8-PPAR-gamma rearrangements. The PPAR-gamma rearrangement functions through a dominant-negative effect on the transcriptional activity of wild-type PPAR-gamma. The fusion oncoprotein contributes to malignant transformation by targeting several cellular pathways, some of which are normally engaged by PPAR-gamma. Most poorly differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas are considered to derive from pre-existing well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma through additional genetic events, including beta-catenin nuclear accumulation and p53 inactivation, but de novo occurrence might also occur.More...
The viral RNP complex is exported from the nucleus via the h......
The viral RNP complex is exported from the nucleus via the host cell CRM1 export pathway. The vRNP complex does not interact directly with CRM1 to form an export complex. Rather, an additional viral protein, nuclear export protein. The CRM1/exportin-1 complex recruits additional host cell proteins, and traverses the nuclear pore into the cytosol.More...
The virus particle initially associates with a human host ce......
The virus particle initially associates with a human host cell by binding to sialic acid-containing receptors on the host cell surface. The bound virus is endocytosed by one of four distinct mechanisms. The low endosomal pH sets in motion a number of steps that lead to viral membrane fusion mediated by the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein, and the eventual release of the uncoated viral ribonucleoprotein complex into the cytosol of the host cell. The ribonucleoprotein complex is transported through the nuclear pore into the nucleus. Once in the nucleus, the incoming negative-sense viral RNA (vRNA) is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) by a primer-dependent mechanism. Replication occurs via a two step process. A full-length complementary RNA (cRNA), a positive-sense copy of the vRNA, is first made and this in turn is used as a template to produce more vRNA. The viral proteins are expressed and processed and eventually assemble with vRNAs at budding sites within the host cell membrane. The viral protein complexes and ribonucleoproteins are assembled into viral particles and bud from the host cell, enveloped in the host cell's membrane. This release contains a framework for the further annotation of the viral life-cycle.More...
The global pandemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV-1 a......
The global pandemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV-1 and the less common HIV-2 belong to the family of retroviruses. HIV-1 contains a single-stranded RNA genome that is 9 kilobases in length and contains 9 genes that encode 15 different proteins. These proteins are classified as: structural proteins. HIV infection cycle can be divided into two phases: 1. An Early phase consisting of early events occuring after HIV infection of a susceptible target cell and a 2. Late phase comprising the later events in the HIV-infected cell resulting in the assembly of new infectious virions. The section titled HIV lifecycle consists of annotations of events in these two phases. The virus has developed various molecular strategies to suppress the antiviral immune responses. The section titled Host interactions of HIV factors will highlight these complex post-infection processes and the annotations will be released in near future.More...
Gene Expression covers the process of transcription of mRNA ......
Gene Expression covers the process of transcription of mRNA genes, the processing of pre-mRNA, and its subsequent translation to result in a protein. The expression of non-protein-coding genes is not included in this section yet. However, the transcription of RNAs other than mRNA is described in the section on transcription; in the sections 'RNA Polymerase I Transcription', and 'RNA Polymerase III Transcription'.More...
Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) are crucial for pr......
Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) are crucial for pre-mRNA processing to mRNAs. Each snRNP contains a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and an extremely stable core of seven Sm proteins. The U6 snRNA differs from the other snRNAs; it binds seven Sm-like proteins and its assembly does not involve a cytoplasmic phase. The snRNP biogenesis pathway for all of the other snRNAs is complex, involving nuclear export of snRNA, Sm-core assembly in the cytoplasm and re-import of the mature snRNP. The assembly of the snRNA:Sm-core is carried out by the survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex. The SMN complex stringently scrutinizes RNAs for specific features that define them as snRNAs and binds the RNA-binding Sm proteins.More...
transport of_mature_mrna_derived_from_an_intron_containing_transcript
Transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where i......
Transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into protein, is highly selective and closely coupled to correct RNA processing. This coupling is achieved by the nuclear pore complex, which recognizes and transports only completed mRNAs.More...
The life cycle of HIV-1 is divided into early and late phase......
The life cycle of HIV-1 is divided into early and late phases, shown schematically in the figure. In the early phase, an HIV-1 virion binds to receptors and co-receptors on the human host cell surface. Most of the crucial concepts used to describe these processes were originally elucidated in studies of retroviruses associated with tumors in chickens, birds, and other animal model systems, and the rapid elucidation of the basic features of the HIV-1 life cycle was critically dependent on the intellectual framework provided by these earlier studies. This earlier work has been very well summarized ; here for brevity and clarity we focus on experimental studies specific to the HIV-1 life cycle.More...
The late phase of the HIV-1 life cycle includes the regulate......
The late phase of the HIV-1 life cycle includes the regulated expression of the HIV gene products and the assembly of viral particles. The assembly of viral particles will be covered in a later release of Reactome. HIV-1 gene expression is regulated by both cellular and viral proteins. Although the initial activation of the HIV-1 transcription is facilitated by cellular transcription factors including NF-kappa B , this activation results in the production of primarily short transcripts. Expression of high levels of the full length HIV-1 transcript requires the function of the HIV-1 Tat protein which promotes elongation of the HIV-1 transcript. The HIV-1 Rev protein is required post-transcriptionally for the expression of the late genes. Rev functions by promoting the nuclear export of unspliced and partially spliced transcripts that encode the major structural proteins Gag, Pol and Env, and the majority of the accessory proteins (Malim et al., 1989; reviewed in Pollard and Malim 1998.More...
Any covalent change in a primary (nascent) mRNA transcript i......
Any covalent change in a primary (nascent) mRNA transcript is mRNA Processing. For successful gene expression, the primary mRNA transcript needs to be converted to a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide. Eucaryotic mRNAs undergo a series of complex processing reactions; these begin on nascent transcripts as soon as a few ribonucleotides have been synthesized during transcription by RNA Polymerase II, through the export of the mature mRNA to the cytoplasm, and culminate with mRNA turnover in the cytoplasm.More...
These pathways together are responsible for: 1) the extracti......
These pathways together are responsible for: 1) the extraction of energy and carbon skeletons for biosyntheses from dietary sugars and related molecules; 2) the short-term storage of glucose in the body (as glycogen) and its mobilization during a short fast; and 3) the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate during extended fasts.More...
transport of_ribonucleoproteins_into_the_host_nucleus
An unusual characteristic of the influenza virus life cycle ......
An unusual characteristic of the influenza virus life cycle is its dependence on the nucleus. Trafficking of the viral genome into and out of the nucleus is a tightly regulated process with all viral RNA synthesis occurring in the nucleus. The eight influenza virus genome segments never exist as naked RNA but are associated with four viral proteins to form viral ribonucleoprotein complexes. However the signals on NP have been shown to be both sufficient and necessary for the import of viral RNA.More...
Like all viruses, HIV-1 must co-opt the host cell macromolec......
Like all viruses, HIV-1 must co-opt the host cell macromolecular transport and processing machinery. HIV-1 Vpr and Rev proteins play key roles in this co-optation. Efficient HIV-1 replication likewise requires evasion of APOBEC3G-mediated mutagenesis of reverse transcripts, a process mediated by the viral Vif protein.More...
Cells take up glucose by facilitated diffusion, via glucose ......
Cells take up glucose by facilitated diffusion, via glucose transporters (GLUTs) associated with the plasma membrane, a reversible reaction. Four tissue-specific GLUT isoforms are known. Glucose in the cytosol is phosphorylated by tissue-specific kinases to yield glucose 6-phosphate, which cannot cross the plasma membrane because of its negative charge. In the liver, this reaction is catalyzed by glucokinase which has a low affinity for glucose (Km about 10 mM) but is not inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate. In other tissues, this reaction is catalyzed by isoforms of hexokinase. Hexokinases are feedback-inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate and have a high affinity for glucose (Km about 0.1 mM). Liver cells can thus accumulate large amounts of glucose 6-phosphate but only when blood glucose concentrations are high, while most other tissues can take up glucose even when blood glucose concentrations are low but cannot accumulate much intracellular glucose 6-phosphate. These differences are consistent with the view that that the liver functions to buffer blood glucose concentrations, while most other tissues take up glucose to meet immediate metabolic needs. Glucose 6-phosphatase, expressed in liver and kidney, allows glucose 6-phosphate generated by gluconeogenesis (both tissues) and glycogen breakdown (liver) to leave the cell. The absence of glucose 6-phosphatase from other tissues makes glucose uptake by these tissues essentially irreversible, consistent with the view that cells in these tissues take up glucose for local metabolic use.More...
Nuclear import of Rev involves the cellular proteins includi......
Nuclear import of Rev involves the cellular proteins including importin-beta and B23 and is mediated by an arginine-rich nuclear localization signal (NLS) within the RNA binding domain of the Rev protein. The NLS of Rev associates with importin- beta as well as B23 which has been shown to function in the nuclear import of ribosomal proteins. The Rev-importin -B23 complex associates with the nuclear pore through interactions between importin and nucleoporin. Upon entry into the nucleus, Ran-GTP associates with importin resulting in in the disassembly of the importin -Rev-B23 complex and the release of Rev cargo.More...
Vpr appears to function in anchoring the PIC to the nuclear ......
Vpr appears to function in anchoring the PIC to the nuclear envelope. This anchoring likely involves interactions between Vpr and host nucleoporins.More...
The HIV-1 genome contains 9 genes encoded by a single transc......
The HIV-1 genome contains 9 genes encoded by a single transcript. In order for the virus to replicate, unspliced, singly-spliced and fully spliced viral mRNA must be exported from the nucleus. The HIV-1 mRNA splice sites are inefficient resulting it the accumulation of a pool of incompletely spliced RNAs. In the early stages of the viral life cycle, or in the absence of the viral Rev protein, completely spliced viral mRNA which encode the regulatory proteins Tat, Nef and Rev are exported from the nucleus while the incompletely spliced structural protein encoding transcripts are held within the nucleus by cellular proteins that normally function in preventing the nuclear export of cellular pre-mRNA. Export of both unspliced and partially spliced mRNA is mediated by the viral protein Rev which is recruited, along with cellular cofactors, to the Rev Response Element. The cellular hRIP protein is essential for correct Rev-mediated export of viral RNAs to the cytoplasm.More...
TPR related interactors from protein-protein interaction data in HPRD (count: 7)
Basic Information
Positive relationships between TPR and other components at different levels (count: 0)
