Brain Morphology and Function Report

Name	Prefrontal cortex
Brain Morphology	The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas.
Brain Function	This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is executive function.
Picture	From Wiki.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	34(33/1)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
prefrontal cortex	Fu, 2004	patients and normal controls		Over time, depressed subjects showed a negatively correlated...... Over time, depressed subjects showed a negatively correlated increase of dynamic range in the prefrontal cortex. More...
prefrontal cortex	McCabe, 2009	patients and normal controls		Patients had a diminished neural supralinearity response (th...... Patients had a diminished neural supralinearity response (the potentiation produced by simultaneous presentation of the sight and flavor of the stimuli) in the prefrontal cortex for both aversive and pleasant conditions. More...
prefrontal cortex	Awata, 1998	patients and normal controls		(patients with major depressive disorder in late life) compa...... (patients with major depressive disorder in late life) compared with 13 age-matched controls, relative rCBF(regional cerebral blood flow) was significantly decreased bilaterally in the prefrontal cortex More...
prefrontal cortex (PFC)	Drevets, 2002	patients only		At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism was decreased in th...... At baseline, the mean glucose metabolism was decreased in the dorsal medial/dorsal anterolateral PFC in the unmedicated depressives relative to controls. More...
prefrontal cortex	Pagani, 2004	patients and normal controls	P<0.005	As compared to normal controls, MDD rCBF (regional cerebral ...... As compared to normal controls, MDD rCBF (regional cerebral blood flow) was relatively higher in bilaterally in prefrontal cortex (P<0.005) More...
prefrontal cortices	Kano, 2004	patients and normal controls		Binding (histamine H1 receptor (H(1)R) binding) potential va...... Binding (histamine H1 receptor (H(1)R) binding) potential values for [(11)C]-doxepin binding in the frontal and prefrontal cortices, and cingulate gyrus were significantly lower in the depressed patients than those in the normal control subjects. More...
prefrontal cortical regions	Anderson, 2004	patients and normal controls		Unlike healthy male subjects who have significant increases ...... Unlike healthy male subjects who have significant increases in rCMRglu in prefrontal and parietal cortical regions after receiving fenfluramine, depressed male subjects have no significant increases in rCMRglu. More...
prefrontal cortex	Laifenfeld, 2005	patients and normal controls		Levels of CAM-L1 and of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) were inc...... Levels of CAM-L1 and of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) were increased in the prefrontal cortex of the depressed group, while CAM-L1, laminin and pCREB were decreased in the parieto-occipital cortex. More...
prefrontal cortex	Matsuo, 2005	patients and normal controls		Activation of the prefrontal cortex during the cognitive tas...... Activation of the prefrontal cortex during the cognitive task was significantly less in patients as compared with controls More...
prefrontal cortex	Hunter, 2006	patients only		Decreases in prefrontal cordance during the placebo lead-in ...... Decreases in prefrontal cordance during the placebo lead-in period were associated with lower final Hamilton depression scale scores in subjects randomly assigned to medication. Prefrontal changes explained 19% of the variance in final Hamilton depression scale scores. More...
prefrontal cortex	Gemar, 2007	patients only		Participants showed decreased activation in prefrontal corte...... Participants showed decreased activation in prefrontal cortex similar to those reported for remitted, medicated patients undergoing mood challenge, as well as for acutely depressed patients who were medication free. More...
prefrontal region	Fujimoto, 2008	patients only		The 3D-SSP score map showed decreased relative metabolism in...... The 3D-SSP score map showed decreased relative metabolism in the prefontal region in both hemispheres in patients compared with controls. More...
prefrontal cortices	Korb, 2008	patients and normal controls		MDD subjects showed significantly elevated current density i...... MDD subjects showed significantly elevated current density in delta, theta, alpha, beta1, and beta2 frequency bands relative to controls in anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices. More...
prefrontal cortices	Strigo, 2008	patients and normal controls		Subjects with MDD compared with healthy controls showed decr...... Subjects with MDD compared with healthy controls showed decreased activation in the prefrontal cortices during painful stimulation relative to nonpainful stimulation, More...
prefrontal cortex	Friedel, 2009	patients and normal controls		In healthy controls prefrontal (BA10) activation and BA10-am...... In healthy controls prefrontal (BA10) activation and BA10-amygdala coupling increased with the number of 5-HTT low-expression risk alleles, this effect was abolished, and even reversed, in patients with MDD. More...
prefrontal cortex	Bermpohl, 2009	patients and normal controls		Healthy individuals showed enhanced activation in the dorsom...... Healthy individuals showed enhanced activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and decreased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during cued compared to uncued emotional picture perception. The group comparison revealed that these modulatory effects were significantly attenuated in depressed patients. More...
prefrontal areas	Herwig, 2010	patients and normal controls		Differences between healthy and depressed persons were found...... Differences between healthy and depressed persons were found particularly for medial and dorsolateral prefrontal and insular activations. More...
prefrontal gray matter volume	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Significantly smaller hippocampal white matter and prefronta...... Significantly smaller hippocampal white matter and prefrontal gray matter volume was observed in patients with MD compared to healthy controls. More...
prefrontal cortex	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Moreover, the left prefrontal cortex was smaller in patients...... Moreover, the left prefrontal cortex was smaller in patients, whereby childhood stress resulted in larger prefrontal volumes in those subjects carrying the non-risk L-allele, suggesting preventive effects. More...
prefrontal cortex	Gawryluk, 2011	patients and normal controls		The levels of reduced, oxidized, and total GSH were signific...... The levels of reduced, oxidized, and total GSH were significantly decreased in post-mortem prefrontal cortex of MDD patients compared to the control group More...
prefrontal cortex	Erk, 2010	patients and normal controls		Patients exhibited diminished prefrontal activation and redu...... Patients exhibited diminished prefrontal activation and reduced prefrontolimbic coupling during active regulation. More...
prefrontal cortex	Deschwanden, 2011	patients and normal controls		The postmortem study showed lower levels of mGluR5 protein e...... The postmortem study showed lower levels of mGluR5 protein expression in the prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 10) in the depression group relative to the comparison group, More...
prefrontal cortex	Jin, 2011	patients and normal controls		Our results showed that the topological properties of depres...... Our results showed that the topological properties of depressed adolescents' networks were significantly disrupted compared with HC. Dysregulation of brain regions were found in the dorsolateral, medial and inferior prefrontal cortex. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
prefrontal cortex		SLC6A4(5-HTT)	gene	Friedel, 2009	patients and normal controls		In healthy controls prefrontal (BA10) activation and BA10-am...... In healthy controls prefrontal (BA10) activation and BA10-amygdala coupling increased with the number of 5-HTT low-expression risk alleles, this effect was abolished, and even reversed, in patients with MDD. More...
prefrontal cortex		Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(serotonin transporter (5-HTT))	protein	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	P-value<0.01	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). More...
prefrontal cortex		Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A(monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A))	protein	Meyer, 2006	patients and normal controls		The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly sign...... The MAO-A DVS (specific distribution volume) was highly significantly elevated in prefrontal cortex. More...
prefrontal cortex		Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 2(TPH2)	protein	Haghighi, 2008	patients and normal controls		Here, we identify a novel TPH2 short isoform with truncated ...... Here, we identify a novel TPH2 short isoform with truncated catalytic domain expressed in human brainstem, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. More...
prefrontal region		gamma-Aminobutyric Acid(gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA))	molecule	Hasler, 2007	patients and normal controls		The GABA levels were reduced in the dorsomedial/dorsal anter...... The GABA levels were reduced in the dorsomedial/dorsal anterolateral prefrontal ROI. More...
prefrontal cortex		Docosahexaenoic Acids(docosahexaenoic acid)	molecule	Sublette, 2009	patients only		Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), ...... Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) were assessed as a percentage of total phospholipid PUFA (DHA%, AA%, and EPA%, respectively). DHA% correlated negatively with rCMRglu (cerebral metabolic rates of glucose) in prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate. More...
prefrontal cortex		Ventricular system(periventricular region)	brain morphology and function	Matsuo, 2005	patients and normal controls		In the patients, a tendency of negative correlation between ...... In the patients, a tendency of negative correlation between the reduced prefrontal activation during a cognitive task and the severity of hyperintensity in periventricular region was observed. More...
prefrontal cortex (PFC)		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate cortex (ACC))	brain morphology and function	Carballedo, 2011	patients and normal controls		In the right hemisphere, patients show lower connectivity co...... In the right hemisphere, patients show lower connectivity coefficients in the path from the ACC to PF9. More...
prefrontal cortex (PFC)		left orbitofrontal cortex(left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC))	brain morphology and function	Carballedo, 2011	patients and normal controls		a trend of higher connectivity in patients for the path that...... a trend of higher connectivity in patients for the path that goes from the PF9 to the OF11 More...
prefrontal cortex (PFC)		Affective network(emotional circuit)	brain morphology and function	Carballedo, 2011	patients and normal controls		The aim of the study is to map a neural network of emotion p...... The aim of the study is to map a neural network of emotion processing. A valid model was established for the left and the right hemispheres showing a circuit involving ACC, OFC, PFC and AMY. More...
prefrontal cortex		Attribution and attitude(negativistic dysfunctional attitudes)	cognition and behavior	Meyer, 2004	patients and normal controls	r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]	In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-...... In the MDE(major depressive episodes) subjects, increased 5-HTT BP was strongly associated with more negativistic dysfunctional attitudes in brain regions primarily sampling serotonergic nerve terminals (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, caudate, and putamen; r = 0.64-0.74 [P values, .003 to <.001]). The magnitude of regional 5-HTT BP can provide a vulnerability to low levels of extracellular serotonin and symptoms of extremely negativistic dysfunctional attitudes. More...
prefrontal cortex		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Kimbrell, 2002	patients and normal controls		Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute r...... Severity of depression negatively correlated with absolute rCMRglu in prefrontal cortex More...
prefrontal cortices		Low energy(psychomotor retardation)	symptoms	Videbech, 2002	patients and normal controls		A strong negative correlation was found between the degree o...... A strong negative correlation was found between the degree of psychomotor retardation of the patients and the blood flow to the dorsolateral and supraorbital prefrontal cortices. More...
prefrontal cortex (PFC)		Suicide(suicide)	symptoms	Oquendo, 2003	patients only		Depressed high-lethality suicide attempters had lower rCMRgl...... Depressed high-lethality suicide attempters had lower rCMRglu (relative regional cerebral uptake) in ventral, medial, and lateral PFC compared with low-lethality attempters. Lower ventromedial PFC activity was associated with lower lifetime impulsivity and higher-lethality suicide attempts. More...
prefrontal areas		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Herwig, 2010	patients and normal controls		While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation p...... While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, activation patterns in depressed patients within the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal areas, inferior frontal gyrus, insula and medial thalamus were similar to activations associated with expecting unpleasant pictures. The activity within a majority of these areas correlated with the depression scores. More...
prefrontal cortex		Social defeat(chronic social defeat (CSD))	environment	Kieran, 2010	animal model		5-HT1A mRNA levels were significantly downregulated in the p...... 5-HT1A mRNA levels were significantly downregulated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in defeated animals More...
prefrontal cortex		Stress(stress)	environment	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		Moreover, the left prefrontal cortex was smaller in patients...... Moreover, the left prefrontal cortex was smaller in patients, whereby childhood stress resulted in larger prefrontal volumes in those subjects carrying the non-risk L-allele, suggesting preventive effects. More...
prefrontal volumes		Stress(childhood stress)	environment	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		childhood stress resulted in larger prefrontal volumes in th...... childhood stress resulted in larger prefrontal volumes in those subjects carrying the non-risk L-allele, suggesting preventive effects. More...

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Note:
1. The different color of the nodes denotes the level of the nodes.

Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

2. User can drag the nodes to rearrange the layout of the network. Click the node will enter the report page of the node. Right-click will show also the menus to link to the report page of the node and remove the node and related edges. Hover the node will show the level of the node and hover the edge will show the evidence/description of the edge.
3. The network is generated using Cytoscape Web

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
prefrontal regions	Bonte, 2001	patients and normal controls		Other localizations in the left frontal and bilateral prefro...... Other localizations in the left frontal and bilateral prefrontal regions did not attain significance, but each localization contained statistically significant maxima (z scores). More...