Cognition and Behavior Report

Name	Cognitive processing bias
Description	A cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in judgment that occurs in particular situations. Implicit in the concept of a "pattern of deviation" is a standard of comparison; this may be the judgment of people outside those particular situations, or may be a set of independently verifiable facts. Cognitive biases are instances of evolved mental behavior. Some are presumably adaptive, for example, because they lead to more effective actions in given contexts or enable faster decisions when faster decisions are of greater value. Others presumably result from a lack of appropriate mental mechanisms, or from the misapplication of a mechanism that is adaptive under different circumstances. Cognitive bias is a general term that is used to describe many observer effects in the human mind, some of which can lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, or illogical interpretation.
No. of Studies (Positive/Negative)	28 (28/0)

Name in Literature	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description
mood-congruent memory bias	Watkins, 1996	patients and normal controls		Depressed participants showed more priming of negative words...... Depressed participants showed more priming of negative words, whereas controls showed more priming of positive words. More...
mood-congruent memory bias	Watkins, 2000	patients and normal controls		Results support the theory that mood-congruent processes in ...... Results support the theory that mood-congruent processes in depression are limited to conceptual processing More...
mood-congruent attentional bias	Eizenman, 2003	patients and normal controls		Subjects with depressive disorder spent significantly more t...... Subjects with depressive disorder spent significantly more time looking at images with dysphoric themes than subjects in the control group. More...
mood-congruent attentional bias	Gotlib, 2004	patients and normal controls		Faces were presented for 1000 ms, at which point depressed p...... Faces were presented for 1000 ms, at which point depressed participants had directed their attention selectively to depression-relevant (i.e., sad) faces. This attentional bias was specific to the emotion of sadness; the depressed participants did not exhibit attentional biases to the angry or happy faces. More...
mood-congruent attentional bias	Lim, 2005	patients and normal controls		On the Stroop task, depressive patients showed supraliminal ...... On the Stroop task, depressive patients showed supraliminal interferences for negative words. More...
mood-congruent memory bias	Lim, 2005	patients and normal controls		On the explicit memory task, depressive and panic patients s...... On the explicit memory task, depressive and panic patients showed memory biases for negative words. More...
emotional bias	Moritz, 2005	patients and normal controls		Relative to healthy controls, patients with depression commi...... Relative to healthy controls, patients with depression committed more false recognition errors for emotionally charged words. More...
mood-congruent attentional bias	Erickson, 2005	patients and normal controls		Unmedicated depressed patients specifically display a mood-c...... Unmedicated depressed patients specifically display a mood-congruent bias toward salient stimuli. More...
mood-congruent attentional bias	Leyman, 2007	patients and normal controls		Patients with MDD showed maintained attention for angry face...... Patients with MDD showed maintained attention for angry faces compared with neutral faces. In comparison with non-depressed participants patients showed a stronger attentional engagement for angry faces. More...
mood-congruent attentional bias	Joormann, 2007	patients and normal controls		Whereas both currently and formerly depressed participants s...... Whereas both currently and formerly depressed participants selectively attended to the sad faces, the control participants selectively avoided the sad faces and oriented toward the happy faces, a positive bias that was not observed for either of the depressed groups. More...
mood-congruent attentional bias	Kellough, 2008	patients and normal controls		Depressed individuals spent significantly more time viewing ...... Depressed individuals spent significantly more time viewing dysphoric images and less time viewing positive images than their never depressed counterparts. More...
mood-congruent memory bias	Moritz, 2008	patients and normal controls		Relative to controls depressed patients showed both more ver...... Relative to controls depressed patients showed both more veridical as well as false recognition for items that concurrently elicited higher salience ratings in patients. Results indicate that salience modulates mood-congruent memory and may account for discrepancies in the literature. More...
mood-congruent memory bias	Yeh, 2009	patients and normal controls		The results revealed more negative false memories in the cli...... The results revealed more negative false memories in the clinical depression group than in the normal control group. More...
emotional bias	Le Masurier, 2007	high-risk people and normal controls		The depressed relative group was significantly faster to rec...... The depressed relative group was significantly faster to recognize facial expressions of fear than controls. The depressed relative group also showed significantly increased reaction time to recognize positive versus negative personality characteristics in the categorization task. More...
negatively biased evaluative processing	Dannlowski, 2007	patients only	r=-0.57, P-value = 0.001	Negatively biased evaluative processing was associated with ...... Negatively biased evaluative processing was associated with severity and longer course of illness (r=-0.57, p=0.001). More...
memory sensitivity to negative stimuli	Hamilton, 2008	patients and normal controls		Depressed individuals demonstrated greater memory sensitivit...... Depressed individuals demonstrated greater memory sensitivity than nondepressed participants to negative but not to neutral or positive stimuli. More...
emotion processing bias	Wang, 2008	patients and normal controls		Behaviorally, MDD patients were slower in response to Target...... Behaviorally, MDD patients were slower in response to Target-after-Sad than Target-after-Neutra stimuli. More...
attention biases towards mood-congruent information	Leung, 2009	patients and normal controls		Specific structural abnormalities in depression are associat...... Specific structural abnormalities in depression are associated with their attention biases towards mood-congruent information. More...
negatively biased cognition	Poulsen, 2009	patients and normal controls		The altered ERP responses in depressed participants may prov...... The altered ERP responses in depressed participants may provide clues to the neurophysiological processes associated with negatively biased cognition and self-evaluation in clinical depression. More...
emotion processing bias	Surguladze, 2010	patients and normal controls		Enhanced activation to facial expressions of disgust may ref...... Enhanced activation to facial expressions of disgust may reflect an emotion processing bias that suggests high relevance of emotion of disgust to depression. More...
attentional bias	Mingtian, 2010	patients and normal controls		These results suggest that MDD patients are characterized by...... These results suggest that MDD patients are characterized by a deficit in protection bias, meaning that these participants cannot avoid attending to negative information in their environment. More...
affective bias	Yang, 2011	patients only		Compared to controls, MDD patients showed enlarged anterior ...... Compared to controls, MDD patients showed enlarged anterior P2 amplitude to positive target stimuli, reflecting an affective bias in the early attentional stages of processing. More...
affective processing bias	Yang, 2011	patients only		The present study extended previous findings by demonstratin...... The present study extended previous findings by demonstrating that the affective processing bias in MDD begins in the early stages of perceptual processing and continues at later cognitive stages. More...
negativity bias in emotional perception	Yang, 2011	patients only		MDD patients showed decreased P1 latency over right posterio...... MDD patients showed decreased P1 latency over right posterior regions to negative relative to positive target stimuli, reflecting a very early onset of the negativity bias in emotional perception. More...

Name in Literature	Related Components
	Level	Approved Name(Name in Literature)	Type	Reference	Research Type	Statistical Result	Relation Description	All
mood-congruent memory bias		Tryptophan(tryptophan)	molecule	Klaassen, 2002	normal people		TRP (tryptophan) depletion impaired delayed recall of neutra...... TRP (tryptophan) depletion impaired delayed recall of neutral and positive words, but not of negative words. More...
mood-congruent memory bias		Serotonergic system(serotonergic system)	neurobiological system	Klaassen, 2002	normal people		Experimentally induced serotonergic depletion in normal indi...... Experimentally induced serotonergic depletion in normal individuals shifts affective memory bias towards negative affective valent verbal stimuli. More...
negativity bias in emotional perception		P100(P1)	neurobiological system	Yang, 2011	patients only		MDD patients showed decreased P1 latency over right posterio...... MDD patients showed decreased P1 latency over right posterior regions to negative relative to positive target stimuli, reflecting a very early onset of the negativity bias in emotional perception. More...
affective bias		P200(P2)	neurobiological system	Yang, 2011	patients only		Compared to controls, MDD patients showed enlarged anterior ...... Compared to controls, MDD patients showed enlarged anterior P2 amplitude to positive target stimuli, reflecting an affective bias in the early attentional stages of processing. More...
mood-congruent memory		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Ramel, 2007	patients and normal controls		These results are consistent with cognitive diathesis-stress...... These results are consistent with cognitive diathesis-stress theories and suggest a role for the amygdala in modulating mood-congruent memory during transient sad mood in individuals who are vulnerable to depression relapse. More...
mood-congruent processing		Anterior cingulate cortex(anterior cingulate cortex (ACC))	brain morphology and function	Mitterschiffthaler, 2008	patients and normal controls		Rostral ACC activation was positively correlated with latenc...... Rostral ACC activation was positively correlated with latencies of negative words in MDD patients. These findings highlight the importance of the ACC during monitoring of conflicting cognitive processes and mood-congruent processing in depression. More...
negative judgmental bias		Amygdala(amygdala)	brain morphology and function	Dannlowski, 2007	patients only		Significant associations between (right) amygdala reactivity...... Significant associations between (right) amygdala reactivity and automatic negative judgmental bias were replicated in our patient sample. More...
attention biases towards negative stimuli		right anterior cingulate cortex(right anterior cingulate gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Leung, 2009	patients and normal controls		Such attention biases towards negative stimuli were found to...... Such attention biases towards negative stimuli were found to be associated with reduced gray-matter concentration (GMC) in the right anterior cingulate gyrus. More...
attention biases towards negative stimuli		right fusiform gyrus(right fusiform gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Leung, 2009	patients and normal controls		Such attention biases towards negative stimuli were found to...... Such attention biases towards negative stimuli were found to be associated with reduced gray-matter concentration (GMC) in the right fusiform gyrus. More...
attention biases towards negative stimuli		right superior frontal gyrus(right superior frontal gyrus)	brain morphology and function	Leung, 2009	patients and normal controls		Such attention biases towards negative stimuli were found to...... Such attention biases towards negative stimuli were found to be associated with reduced gray-matter concentration (GMC) in the right superior frontal gyrus More...
processing bias		Orbitofrontal cortex(orbitofrontal cortex (OFC))	brain morphology and function	Frodl, 2010	patients and normal controls		The observed imbalance of OFC connectivity seems to represen...... The observed imbalance of OFC connectivity seems to represent a neural mechanism of the processing bias. More...
mood-congruent attentional bias		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Eizenman, 2003	patients and normal controls		The average glance duration on images with dysphoric themes ...... The average glance duration on images with dysphoric themes was significantly larger for subjects with depressive disorder. More...
mood-congruent memory bias		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Ellwart, 2003	patients and normal controls		Severely depressed patients showed a mood-congruent memory b...... Severely depressed patients showed a mood-congruent memory bias in implicit memory but not in explicit memory. More...
mood-congruent memory bias		Depressed mood(depressed mood)	symptoms	Yeh, 2009	patients and normal controls		When compared with the normal group, a more conservative res...... When compared with the normal group, a more conservative response criterion for positive items was evident in patient groups, patients' emotional memory intensity is attenuated by their mood. More...
mood-congruent false		Depressed mood(depression)	symptoms	Joormann, 2009	patients and normal controls		Compared with control participants, major depressive disorde...... Compared with control participants, major depressive disorder participants recalled fewer words that had been previously presented but were more likely to falsely recall negative lures. These findings indicate that depression is associated with false memories of negative material. More...
response bias in signal-detection task		Depressed mood(depressive symptoms)	symptoms	Pizzagalli, 2005	normal people		Subjects with elevated depressive symptoms failed to show a ...... Subjects with elevated depressive symptoms failed to show a response bias in signal-detection task. More...

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Genetic/Epigenetic Locus	Protein and Other Molecule	Cell and Molecular Pathway	Neural System	Cognition and Behavior	Symptoms and Signs	Environment	MDD

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